世界发展银行-Global-Lessons-Learned-for-Urban-Resilience-and-Regeneration-Projects---Informing-Turkey_rsquo_s-Urban-Transformation-Process_28页_16mb

Summary of "Global Lessons Learned for Urban Resilience and Regeneration Projects Informing Turkey's Urban Transformation Process"

Core Content

This document outlines global lessons and case studies on urban resilience and regeneration, with a focus on how these insights can inform Turkey's urban transformation process. It highlights the increasing frequency and impact of natural disasters, the role of urbanization in exacerbating disaster risks, and the need for integrated, multi-hazard risk assessments, area-based urban planning, private sector engagement, and community involvement.

Main Points

1. Increasing Global Disaster Risk

• In 2017, 335 natural disasters affected over 95.6 million people, killed 9,697, and cost $335 billion.
• By 2030, 325 million extremely poor people will live in 49 hazard-prone countries.
• Climate change and natural disasters will cost cities $314 billion annually, and 1.5 billion people will live in cities exposed to flooding and rising sea levels.
• Urbanization is accelerating, with 1.4 million people moving to urban areas weekly, contributing to over 80% of global GDP.
• Urban areas concentrate disaster risk due to population density, infrastructure, and unmanaged expansion.

2. Turkey's Urban Transformation Process

• Since the 2000s, Turkey has initiated legal and institutional reforms to mitigate disaster risks, particularly seismic risk.
• Key laws include:
  • Law No. 775 (1966): First regulatory effort for low-income housing.
  • Law No. 2985 (1984): Accelerated social housing production.
  • Law No. 5366 (2005): Conservation and renewal of historical and cultural properties.
  • Law No. 6306 (2005): Focus on disaster risk reduction through urban transformation.
• In 2012, a new framework was introduced requiring a "strategic document" for urban transformation projects.
• The framework emphasizes:
  • Financial management models
  • Urban design guidelines
  • Implementation schedules
  • Multi-hazard risk assessments

3. Policy and Finance Challenges

• Policy challenges include:
  • Coordination across agencies
  • Ad-hoc zone determinations
  • Gentrification and displacement
  • Housing affordability
  • Community participation
  • Uncertainties around tenant rights
• Finance challenges include:
  • Need for a review of existing funding mechanisms
  • Current models: flat-for-land, build-transfer-sell, and public-private partnerships
  • Urban transformation projects generate significant economic value, but it is not being maximized
  • Value capture models are needed to leverage private funds for sustainable urban development

4. Global Lessons for Urban Resilience and Regeneration

A. Assessing Multi-Hazard Risks

• A multi-hazard assessment framework is essential to evaluate all types of natural and anthropogenic hazards.
• Single-hazard focus can lead to maladaptation (e.g., concrete structures may protect against cyclones but be vulnerable to earthquakes).
• Examples:
  • São Paulo, Brazil: A multi-risk Urban Risk Assessment (URA) framework was developed, integrating hazards, socioeconomic vulnerabilities, and institutional aspects.
  • Legazpi, Philippines: Considered direct damage but missed secondary hazard effects like landslides, which can affect investment decisions.

B. Area-Based Urban Resilience and Transformation

• A holistic, area-based approach is more effective than sector-specific or property-by-property interventions.
• It allows for better identification of safe growth areas and development avoidance zones.
• It also considers cross-area issues and facilitates community resilience and wellbeing outcomes.
• Example: The TOUKAI-0 project in Japan’s Tokai region, focusing on earthquake-resistant buildings.

C. Private Sector Engagement

• Engaging the private sector is critical to expanding access to financing for urban resilience.
• Examples:
  • San Francisco's Mandatory Soft Story Retrofit Program (MSSP): A community-based initiative led by the Earthquake Safety Implementation Program.
  • Japan's TOUKAI-0 Project: Financial and technical support for homeowners of pre-1981 buildings, including subsidies for seismic reinforcement.

D. Community Participation and Engagement

• Systematic engagement with families in hazard-prone areas is vital for building resilience.
• It ensures that community needs, livelihoods, and cultural identity are considered in urban regeneration.
• Example: Chile's post-2010 earthquake reconstruction:
  • 11,400 buildings were destroyed.
  • The program focused on resilient social housing that preserved cultural identity and supported livelihoods.
  • Stilt houses were built in five fishing villages to protect against future tsunamis and rough seas.
  • Community workshops were used to gather input and ensure participation in the decision-making process.

Key Information

• The World Bank and the Government of Turkey have collaborated on city-wide climate and disaster risk assessments.
• These assessments have led to:
  • Identification of risk areas
  • Development of resilient infrastructure and urban transformation measures
  • Recommendations for land use planning and financial models
• Building and land records are essential for monitoring resilience outcomes.
• Strong regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms are crucial for successful urban resilience projects.
• Policy integration is necessary to ensure that disaster risk reduction is factored into urban planning and development.

Conclusion

The document concludes that area-based urban resilience and regeneration are more effective than narrow, sector-specific approaches. It emphasizes the importance of multi-hazard risk assessments, community participation, and private sector engagement in achieving sustainable and resilient urban transformation. Turkey can benefit from these global lessons to enhance its urban resilience and regeneration efforts, particularly in the context of increasing natural disaster risks and rapid urbanization.