清洁燃料与车辆伙伴关系评估报告（英文版）_94页_1mb

Summary of the UNEP Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) Evaluation

Core Content

The Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) is a global initiative launched by UNEP, aimed at promoting better air quality through the introduction of cleaner fuels and vehicles in developing and transitional countries. It is a public-private partnership that includes governments, international organizations, industry, and NGOs. The evaluation, conducted by David and Hazel Todd in October 2010, assesses the contribution of the PCFV to the phase-out of leaded petrol in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

Main Objective

The main objective of the PCFV in SSA was to achieve the total phase-out of leaded petrol by the end of 2005, as outlined in the Dakar Declaration of June 2001. This was considered a critical step towards the global elimination of leaded fuel.

Key Activities and Processes

The PCFV supported a range of activities to move towards the phase-out of leaded fuel in SSA, including:

• Policy advocacy and technical assistance to governments and stakeholders
• Awareness campaigns to educate the public and industry about the benefits of unleaded fuel
• Regional and national workshops to develop action plans
• Coordination of compliance monitoring systems
• Support for the establishment and operation of the PCFV Clearing-House (CH), which served as the main implementing arm of the partnership
• Collaboration with international organizations such as the US EPA, World Bank, and NGOs to enhance the effectiveness of the initiative

Progress and Results

By the end of 2005, the target of eliminating leaded petrol in SSA was achieved. The reduction in leaded fuel use was estimated at 17,745 metric tons annually, increasing to 20,138 metric tons in 2010 and 23,071 metric tons in 2015. The total leaded fuel avoided by mid-2010 was approximately 90,000 metric tons, rising to 190,690 metric tons by 2015 and 304,770 metric tons by 2020.

The urban population benefiting from the reduction in leaded fuel use was expected to increase from 411 million in 2000 to 470 million by 2015.

Health and Environmental Benefits

The elimination of leaded petrol had a significant impact on health outcomes, particularly blood lead levels (BLLs). The phase-out was found to be a critical factor in reducing human exposure to lead, with evidence from Ghana, Hungary, and Thailand showing dramatic decreases in BLLs after the phase-out. This led to improved physical and mental development, especially among children, and reduced sickness, which in turn contributed to social and economic gains.

Role of UNEP

UNEP played a central role in the success of the PCFV by:

• Promoting the objective at high-level conferences and engaging national political support
• Providing technical, networking, and financial support through the Clearing-House (CH)
• Facilitating stakeholder engagement and collaboration
• Managing financial resources and supporting activities such as advocacy, research, and compliance monitoring

Key Success Factors

The evaluation highlighted several key success factors that contributed to the effectiveness of the PCFV:

• Well-focused intervention design on the elimination of leaded petrol
• Comprehensive composition of the Partnership with diverse stakeholders
• Ability to support multi-level processes
• Approach tailored to available finance
• High-quality management and staff

Areas for Improvement

The evaluation also identified areas for further consideration in future partnerships:

• Maximizing awareness of best practices from an early stage
• Developing and implementing compliance monitoring systems and sanctions for non-compliance

Lessons Learned

Lesson 1: Partnership Approach

• UNEP should consider a partnership approach for issues where voluntary change is a feasible objective
• A multistakeholder alliance is essential to address political commitment, technical expertise, financial support, public awareness, and industry best practices
• UNEP's reputation as a leader in international environmental processes can engage high-level political support

Lesson 2: Partnership Principles

• Partnerships should be built on clear objectives, milestones, and guiding principles
• Early attention to political commitment is crucial
• Clear governance rules and regular performance reviews are necessary
• Ability to listen and compromise is important for collaboration
• A monitoring system for compliance and possibilities for sanctions should be considered

Lesson 3: Impact Drivers

• High-level support and commitments from governments, including champions and defined responsibilities
• Active engagement of civil society and NGOs with specified contributions and monitoring
• Focussed participation of private sector with expertise and interests aligned with the partnership
• Public awareness and support based on best practice standards and local advocacy
• Appropriate coordination and support mechanisms to ensure process alignment, technical assistance, financial support, and information dissemination
• Effective monitoring mechanisms to track progress, highlight low performance areas, and assess compliance
• Early consideration of sanctions for non-compliance in a voluntary program

Conclusion

The PCFV played a crucial role in the phase-out of leaded petrol in SSA, achieving its initial objective by 2005 and contributing to significant health and environmental benefits. The evaluation underscores the importance of a well-designed partnership, with UNEP's institutional support being a key enabler of the process. Future partnerships should build on these lessons to enhance effectiveness and sustainability.