CSIS-绘制美印电动交通伙伴关系图（英文）-2020.6-33页_1mb

Summary of "Mapping U.S.-India Partnerships in Electric Mobility"

Core Content

This report, authored by Neelima Jain and Thomas Lutken, explores the potential for collaboration between U.S. and Indian subnational governments in the field of electric mobility (e-mobility). It highlights the growing importance of e-mobility in both countries, the challenges they face, and the opportunities for shared learning and innovation to support the transition to sustainable transportation.

Main Points

• India's EV Market Context:
  India is projected to see 465 million new vehicles on its roads by 2040, significantly increasing its oil demand. The Indian government has set a target of 30% EV penetration by 2030, and has implemented the FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles) Scheme I and II, providing $1.2 billion in financial support. However, India's EV market share remains at just 0.1% of global EV sales, with limited model availability, high vehicle costs, and insufficient charging infrastructure being major obstacles.

• U.S. EV Market Context:
  The U.S. is the second-largest EV market globally, with a 22% share. It lacks a centralized EV policy but uses a combination of federal and state-level regulations, incentives, and mandates to drive adoption. The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and the Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandate in some states are key drivers. California, in particular, is a leader with a 22% EV market share and a 48% share of U.S. EVs, offering the highest per-vehicle tax rebate of $4,500.

• Policy and Market Differences:
  While both countries aim for e-mobility, their approaches differ. India's FAME Scheme provides subsidies for various EV types, including two-wheelers and buses, whereas the U.S. focuses more on four-wheeled passenger vehicles. India has specific charging standards for long-range and heavy-duty vehicles, while the U.S. emphasizes a variety of charger types and infrastructure development.

• Role of States:
  In both countries, states play a critical role in shaping e-mobility policies and driving implementation. The U.S. has 10 states with ZEV mandates and a multi-state ZEV Task Force, while Indian states have started to develop their own EV policies, with 12 states and union territories having published draft or final EV policies.

• Collaboration Opportunities:
  The report emphasizes the importance of international collaboration, particularly through the CSIS Wadhwani Chair's U.S.-India State and Urban Initiative. This platform has facilitated partnerships between U.S. and Indian subnational agencies, enabling the exchange of knowledge and best practices. The initiative has connected over 50 universities, 100 companies, and 33 U.S. states with 19 Indian states and 9 U.S. cities.

Key Information

• Challenges in India:

  • Limited EV model availability.
  • High vehicle prices.
  • Insufficient charging infrastructure.
  • Low consumer awareness and usage convenience.

• Challenges in the U.S.:

  • Despite high EV market share, the U.S. lacks a unified national strategy.
  • States have varying levels of policy support and incentives.
  • Charging infrastructure development is uneven across states.

• Incentive Structures:

  • India: FAME II provides incentives for public and shared three-wheelers, buses, and private two-wheelers. It allocates 10% of its budget to charger deployment.
  • U.S.: States offer a range of incentives, including tax credits, rebates, and exemptions. For example, California offers a $4,500 EV tax rebate, while Washington provides a 6.5% sales tax exemption.

• Charging Infrastructure:

  • India: Uses IEC 62196-2 Type 2 and Bharat AC-001 for slow chargers, and Bharat DC-001 for fast chargers.
  • U.S.: Utilizes SAE J1772 Type 1 and Tesla connectors for slow chargers, and SAE J3068, CCS Combo 1/2, and CHAdeMO for fast chargers.

• EV Market Share and Projections:

  • U.S.: 2.5% of total automotive market share in 2018, projected to reach 30% by 2030.
  • India: Less than 0.1% in 2018, projected to reach 29% by 2030 (54% when including two- and three-wheelers).

• Future Collaboration:
  The report suggests that U.S. and Indian states can collaborate on shared priorities such as policy development, technology transfer, and infrastructure expansion. It recommends that such partnerships can help both countries overcome their respective challenges and accelerate the transition to sustainable mobility.

Conclusion

The transition to electric mobility is a shared goal for the U.S. and India, driven by the need for energy security and environmental sustainability. While both countries have made progress, they face unique challenges. By learning from each other's experiences and leveraging the U.S.-India State and Urban Initiative, subnational governments can work together to foster innovation, enhance policy effectiveness, and build a more sustainable transportation future.