2018-清洁燃料与车辆伙伴关系评估报告（英文版）-1mb

Summary of the UNEP Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) Evaluation

Core Content

The Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV), a global initiative led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), aimed to promote and support the phase-out of leaded petrol in developing and transitional countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The evaluation of the PCFV's contribution to the phase-out of leaded petrol in SSA was conducted by David and Hazel Todd in 2010, focusing on the period from 2002 to 2010.

The main objective of the PCFV in SSA was to achieve the total phase-out of leaded petrol by the end of 2005, as outlined in the Dakar Declaration of 2001. At that time, only Sudan had fully eliminated leaded petrol, and 48 countries still used it. The PCFV played a crucial role in supporting the phase-out process, which was largely successful by 2005.

The PCFV Clearing-House, based at UNEP in Nairobi, was central to the initiative. It provided technical, networking, and financial support, enabling the coordination of activities across regions, countries, and stakeholders. The Clearing-House facilitated the implementation of action plans, awareness campaigns, training programs, and advocacy efforts.

Key Findings

2.1 Objective

• The main objective was the total phase-out of leaded petrol in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2005.
• If achieved, this would represent a major success for the PCFV and a step towards the global elimination of leaded fuel.

2.2 Activities

• A wide range of activities were implemented to support the phase-out of leaded petrol, including:
  • Regional and national workshops
  • Technical assistance
  • Awareness campaigns
  • Public outreach materials
  • Collaboration with international organizations, governments, and NGOs
  • Support for the development of cleaner fuel standards and vehicle technologies

Progress and Results

• By the end of 2005, the target of eliminating leaded petrol in SSA was achieved.
• The annual reduction of leaded fuel increased from 17,745 MT in 2005 to 20,138 MT in 2010 and 23,071 MT in 2015.
• The total amount of leaded petrol avoided by 2015 was estimated to be 190,690 MT, and 304,770 MT by 2020.
• The urban population benefiting from reduced lead exposure was expected to rise from 411 million in 2000 to 470 million by 2015.
• The phase-out of leaded petrol was found to have a significant impact on public health, particularly in reducing blood lead levels (BLLs) and improving child development and overall well-being.

Contributions of UNEP

• UNEP contributed to the PCFV in three key ways:

  1. As a high-level advocate, influencing government decisions and promoting the importance of the phase-out objective.
  2. As a channel for resources, attracting partners due to its reputation.
  3. As a facilitator and supporter, providing technical and financial assistance and coordinating activities at the country level.

• UNEP's reputation and lack of vested interests were critical in securing political support.

• The Clearing-House played a vital role in coordinating, publishing, and supporting the implementation of the PCFV's mission.

Key Success Factors

• Well-focused intervention design on the phase-out of leaded petrol.
• Comprehensive composition of the Partnership, including governments, industry, NGOs, and international organizations.
• Ability to support multi-level processes, from national to regional.
• Tailored approach to available finance.
• High-quality management and staff.

Areas for Improvement

• Maximizing awareness of best practices from the early stages.
• Developing and implementing compliance monitoring systems and sanctions for non-compliance.

Lessons Learned

Lesson 1

• UNEP should consider a Partnership approach for issues where:
  • Voluntary change is a feasible objective.
  • Alliances of stakeholders (including political commitment, technical expertise, financial support, public awareness, and industry best practices) are necessary.
  • UNEP's reputation can engage high-level political support.

Lesson 2

• Partnerships should be built around the following principles:
  • Clear objectives and commonly agreed goals.
  • Defined timescale with milestones.
  • Guiding principles.
  • Early attention to political commitment.
  • Each partner makes a unique contribution.
  • Clear governance rules and structure.
  • Regular performance reviews.
  • Ability to listen and compromise.
  • Monitoring system for compliance.
  • Active consideration of sanctions for non-compliance.

Lesson 3

• To move from project outcomes to intended long-term impacts, impact drivers must be set in motion from the earliest stage. These include:
  • High-level government support and specified commitments.
  • Active engagement of civil society.
  • Focused participation of private sector.
  • Public awareness and support.
  • Appropriate coordination and support mechanisms.
  • Effective monitoring systems.
  • Early consideration of sanctions for non-compliance.

Conclusion

The UNEP Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) was instrumental in the successful phase-out of leaded petrol in Sub-Saharan Africa, which led to improved air quality, health benefits, and social and economic gains. The Clearing-House played a central role in coordinating and supporting the initiative. The evaluation highlights the importance of stakeholder collaboration, political commitment, and effective monitoring and enforcement in achieving environmental goals. Future partnerships should build on these lessons to ensure sustainable and impactful outcomes.