2005-12-31-世界卫生组织-2006_STEPS_Fact_sheet_Iraq_2页_558kb

STEPS Survey Summary: Iraq (2006)

Core Information

The STEPS (Surveillance of Trends and Environmental and Social Determinants) survey in Iraq was conducted between January and February 2006. It aimed to assess chronic disease risk factors among adults aged 25–65 years. The survey was structured in three steps:

• Step 1: Collection of socio-demographic and behavioural data.
• Step 2: Physical measurements including height, weight, and blood pressure.
• Step 3: Biochemical measurements to evaluate blood glucose and cholesterol levels.

A multistage cluster sampling method was employed to ensure the survey results were representative of the adult population in the specified age range. A total of 4503 adults participated in the survey, with an overall response rate of 94.2%. A repeat survey is planned for 2010 if funding allows.

Key Findings

Step 1: Tobacco Use

• Percentage who currently smoke tobacco daily:
  • Both Sexes: 21.6%
  • Males: 41.1%
  • Females: 6.8%
• Average age started smoking:
  • Both Sexes: 20 years
  • Males: 19 years
  • Females: 26 years
• Average years of smoking:
  • Both Sexes: 17 years
  • Males: 15 years
  • Females: 22 years
• Percentage smoking manufactured cigarettes:
  • Both Sexes: 20.5%
  • Males: 38.9%
  • Females: 6.4%
• Mean number of manufactured cigarettes smoked per day:
  • Both Sexes: 23
  • Males: 24
  • Females: 16

Step 1: Alcohol Consumption

• Percentage of abstainers (who did not drink alcohol in the last year): Not specified.
• Percentage of current drinkers (who drank alcohol in the past 30 days): Not specified.
• For those who drank alcohol in the last 30 days:
  • Percentage of women who had 4 or more drinks on any day in the last week: Not specified.
  • Percentage of men who had 5 or more drinks on any day in the last week: Not specified.
  • Percentage who drank alcohol on 4 or more days in the last week: Not specified.

Step 1: Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

• Mean number of servings of fruit consumed per day:
  • Both Sexes: 0.7
  • Males: 0.7
  • Females: 0.7
• Mean number of servings of vegetables consumed per day:
  • Both Sexes: 1.6
  • Males: 1.6
  • Females: 1.6
• Percentage who ate 5 or more combined servings of fruit and vegetables per day:
  • Both Sexes: 7.3%
  • Males: 7.5%
  • Females: 7.0%

Step 1: Physical Activity

• Percentage with low levels of activity (<600 MET-minutes/week):
  • Both Sexes: 56.7%
  • Males: 61.8%
  • Females: 52.7%
• Median time spent in work-related physical activity per day (minutes):
  • Both Sexes: 188.6
  • Males: 205
  • Females: 162.9
• Median time spent in transport-related physical activity per day (minutes):
  • Both Sexes: 25.7
  • Males: 30.0
  • Females: 21.4
• Median time spent in recreational physical activity per day (minutes):
  • Both Sexes: 77.1
  • Males: 72.9
  • Females: 77.1

Step 2: Physical Measurements

• Mean body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²):
  • Both Sexes: 28.1
  • Males: 27.1
  • Females: 28.9
• Percentage who are overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²):
  • Both Sexes: 66.9%
  • Males: 63.6%
  • Females: 69.6%
• Percentage who are obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²):
  • Both Sexes: Not specified
  • Males: 26.2%
  • Females: 38.2%
• Average waist circumference (cm):
  • Males: 93.3 cm
  • Females: 38.2 cm
• Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mmHg):
  • Both Sexes: 130.3
  • Males: 131.0
  • Females: 129.8
• Mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (mmHg):
  • Both Sexes: 82.4
  • Males: 83.3
  • Females: 81.6
• Percentage with raised BP (SBP ≥ 140 and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg):
  • Both Sexes: 40.4%
  • Males: 43.1%
  • Females: 38.3%
• Percentage with raised BP (SBP ≥ 170 and/or DBP ≥ 100 mmHg):
  • Both Sexes: 14.8%
  • Males: 14.1%
  • Females: 15.3%

Step 3: Biochemical Measurements

• Mean fasting blood glucose (mmol/L):
  • Both Sexes: 5.3
  • Males: 5.3
  • Females: 5.2
• Percentage with raised blood glucose (≥ 7.0 mmol/L):
  • Both Sexes: 10.4%
  • Males: 10.9%
  • Females: 9.9%
• Mean total blood cholesterol (mmol/L):
  • Both Sexes: 5.0
  • Males: 5.1
  • Females: 4.9
• Percentage with raised total cholesterol (≥ 5.2 mmol/L):
  • Both Sexes: 37.5%
  • Males: 38.9%
  • Females: 36.5%
• Percentage with raised total cholesterol (≥ 6.5 mmol/L):
  • Both Sexes: 12.3%
  • Males: 12.4%
  • Females: 12.3%

Summary of Combined Risk Factors

• Percentage with low risk (i.e., none of the risk factors included above): Not specified.
• Percentage with raised risk (i.e., at least three of the risk factors included above):
  • Aged 25 to 44 years: Not specified.
  • Aged 45 to 64 years: Not specified.