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Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Ports, Harbors, and Terminals Summary

Introduction

The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Ports, Harbors, and Terminals serve as technical reference documents outlining Good International Industry Practice (GIIIP). These guidelines are applicable when projects involve the World Bank Group and are used in conjunction with the General EHS Guidelines to address common EHS issues across all sectors. They focus on achievable performance levels using existing technology at reasonable costs. For existing facilities, site-specific targets and timelines are necessary. The guidelines should be adapted based on environmental assessments that consider host country context, assimilative capacity of the environment, and other project-specific factors. In cases where host country regulations differ, the more stringent standards should be applied. Any proposed alternatives must be fully justified to ensure they protect human health and the environment.

Applicability

The EHS Guidelines are applicable to marine and freshwater ports, harbors, and terminals for cargo and passenger services. Activities such as shipping, fuel terminals, and railways are addressed in other specific guidelines. These guidelines recognize that port development can lead to habitat alteration and biodiversity impacts, including the modification of coastal processes, watercourses, and hydrology. These changes can affect sedimentation, erosion, and aquatic and terrestrial habitats. During the design and construction phase, projects must assess and manage these impacts to avoid or minimize damage to high biodiversity areas and sensitive ecosystems.

Coastal Processes and Seabed and Coastal Geomorphology

Coastal zones are subject to natural processes like erosion, sediment transport, and deposition, which influence their physical and ecological characteristics. Port infrastructure development, such as piers and breakwaters, can alter these processes, leading to changes in erosion patterns, sediment distribution, and water levels. These changes may impact navigation safety, adjacent infrastructure, and ecosystem services. To mitigate these effects, projects should conduct surveys and modeling of metocean, hydrological, sedimentological, and geomorphological conditions. Design considerations should include coastal protection measures like beach nourishment, sand bypassing, and revegetation. A coastal processes monitoring and management plan should be developed, including risk assessments and monitoring requirements.

Climate Change Resilience

Ports and terminals are vulnerable to climate change impacts such as increased storm intensity, higher sea levels, and extreme weather events. Climate change adaptation planning should be integrated into the design phase of new or expanded projects to evaluate and address climate-related vulnerabilities. Key considerations include designing infrastructure to withstand changing sea levels, reviewing cargo handling and transport routes for climate resilience, and assessing the port’s contribution to climate change impacts on nearby habitats. Adaptive measures should also focus on improving the resilience of rare or endangered species and their habitats.

Water Quality

Port construction and operations can significantly affect water quality through increased turbidity and pollutant release. Activities such as dredging, reclamation, and maintenance can suspend sediments, leading to reduced water clarity and potential release of contaminants. This can harm aquatic life and human health by causing eutrophication, oxygen depletion, and toxic algal blooms. Projects should conduct risk assessments for dredging and define mitigation measures to protect water quality and sensitive aquatic receptors.

Dredged Materials Management

Dredging activities, including construction and maintenance dredging, can impact habitats and water quality due to sediment suspension and deposition. A Dredging Management Plan should be developed to evaluate the need for dredging, identify sensitive areas, and model environmental effects. Dredging should be scheduled to avoid critical periods for aquatic life. Sediments should be sampled and characterized to assess their properties and potential risks. Contaminated sediments require careful handling and treatment, with a focus on minimizing environmental and health impacts. A hierarchy of management options should be considered, prioritizing reuse over disposal.

Reuse and Disposal of Dredged Material

A hierarchy of dredged material management should be followed: first, avoid or minimize dredging; second, maximize beneficial reuse for uncontaminated materials; and third, use comparative risk assessments to determine optimal disposal methods. Disposal options include land-based and aquatic disposal, with consideration for environmental, health, and economic impacts. Confined disposal facilities should use containment systems to prevent leaching of contaminants. Open sea disposal should consider the size and capacity of the site, baseline data, and ecological sensitivities. Lateral containment and submerged discharges may be used to limit sediment spread and improve placement accuracy.

Wastewater Management

Port and terminal activities generate various types of wastewater, including stormwater, sewage, and ship-generated effluents. These should be managed in accordance with the General EHS Guidelines and relevant national and international regulations. Specific measures include avoiding direct discharge into surface waters, using filtration systems to prevent sediment and oil from entering water bodies, and maintaining oil/water separators. Ports should provide ship operators with information on ballast water management and ensure that ballast water treatment facilities prevent the introduction of invasive species.

Air Emissions

Air emissions arise from both land- and sea-based activities, including combustion from vehicles, equipment, and ship engines. Emissions include sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂). Recommendations include using low-sulfur fuels, reducing ship propulsion power in port areas, and utilizing shore-based power where available. For land-based activities, port layouts should be designed to minimize travel and emissions, and equipment should be maintained to reduce air emissions. Engine idling should be minimized during loading and unloading.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

VOC emissions from fuel and cargo storage and transfer should be minimized through vapor recovery systems, floating top storage tanks, and leak detection programs. Management practices should also avoid loading/unloading during poor air quality conditions. Additional guidance on VOC control is provided in the General EHS Guidelines and the Crude Oil and Petroleum Product Terminals guidelines.

Dust Management

Fugitive dust emissions occur during construction and operational activities involving dry bulk materials. Dust control measures include covering storage and handling areas, using water spray systems, and employing equipment like telescoping arms and conveyors. Regular cleaning and dust suppression are recommended to minimize re-suspension. Dust prevention strategies are detailed in the General EHS Guidelines.