石油炼制的环境、健康和安全指南（英文版）_35页-1mb

Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Petroleum Refining Summary

Introduction

The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Petroleum Refining serve as technical reference documents outlining Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) for managing environmental, health, and safety issues in the refining sector. These guidelines are applied when the World Bank Group is involved in a project and should be used in conjunction with the General EHS Guidelines. They are tailored to the specific hazards and risks of each project, considering factors such as host country context and environmental assimilative capacity. When host country regulations are more stringent, they take precedence. Projects must provide detailed justifications for any proposed deviations from the guidelines to ensure protection of human health and the environment.

Applicability

• The guidelines apply to the entire petroleum refining process, from crude oil to finished products.
• They cover emissions, wastewater, hazardous materials, and other EHS-related issues.
• Additional guidance on storage tank farms is provided in the EHS Guidelines for Crude Oil and Petroleum Product Terminals.

Industry-Specific Impacts and Management

1.1 Environmental Issues

Emissions to Atmosphere

• Flue Gases: Emissions of CO₂, NOₓ, SOₓ, CO, and PM occur from combustion processes in gas turbines, boilers, engines, and process heaters. Special attention is given to emissions from CCR and fluid petroleum coke combustion.
• Venting and Flaring: Flaring is used for safely disposing of vapors during non-routine operations. It should be minimized, and alternatives like flare gas recovery should be integrated into the design.
• Pollution Prevention Measures:
  • Reduce source gas emissions.
  • Use efficient flare tips and optimize burner nozzles.
  • Control combustion efficiency and prevent flame lift-off and wake-dominated flames.
  • Implement flare management plans and metering for pollution evaluation.

Fugitive Emissions

• Fugitive emissions may occur from leaking equipment, storage tanks, and loading/unloading operations.
• Common fugitive emissions include VOCs, PAHs, inorganic gases (e.g., NH₃, CO, SO₂), and HF.
• Recommendations:
  • Implement a structured LDAR program.
  • Use effective valves, seals, and fittings.
  • Contain or route hydrocarbon vapors back to the process.
  • Install vapor recovery units and scrubbers for emission control.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOₓ)

• NOₓ is emitted from various combustion and process units.
• It forms through fuel, thermal, and prompt mechanisms.
• Control Measures:
  • Use low-NOₓ burners.
  • Consider selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or thermal de-NOₓ technologies.
  • Implement flameless combustion (HiTAC) for lean acid gas streams.

Sulfur Oxides (SOₓ)

• SOₓ and H₂S are emitted from combustion and process units.
• Control Measures:
  • Direct sulfur-bearing streams to hydrotreating units.
  • Use high-efficiency SRUs (e.g., Claus units) for sulfur recovery.
  • Install scrubbers with caustic soda solutions for treating acid gas streams.

Particulate Matter (PM)

• PM emissions are associated with combustion, catalyst handling, and incineration processes.
• Control Measures:
  • Install high-efficiency air pollution control devices (e.g., bag filters, electrostatic precipitators).
  • Implement techniques during coke handling, including damp storage and dust extraction.
  • Consider fuel switching to reduce PM emissions.

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

• CO₂ and CH₄ are the main GHGs in the refining industry.
• Control Measures:
  • Quantify GHG emissions annually using recognized methodologies.
  • Upgrade stationary combustion sources and install power/waste heat recovery units.
  • Focus on cost-effective and technically feasible emission reduction options.

Wastewater Management

Industrial Process Wastewater

• Wastewater includes sour and non-oily/non-sour types.
• Sour wastewater contains hydrocarbons, H₂S, NH₃, and other contaminants.
• Management Practices:
  • Prevent accidental releases through regular inspections and spill response plans.
  • Ensure sufficient storage capacity for process fluids.
  • Design containment basins with impervious surfaces.
  • Segregate process wastewater from storm water and hazardous materials.
  • Implement good housekeeping practices.

Process Wastewater Treatment

• Treatment techniques include source segregation, pretreatment, and various physical and biological processes.
• Typical Steps:
  • Oil and solid separation using grease traps, oil skimmers, and coalescing separators.
  • Filtration and sedimentation for solids removal.
  • Biological and chemical treatments for organic matter and nutrients.
  • Chlorination for disinfection.
  • Dewatering and disposal of residuals in hazardous waste landfills.

Other Wastewater Streams & Water Consumption

• Non-contaminated wastewater, storm water, and sanitary sewage are managed in accordance with the General EHS Guidelines.
• Contaminated streams must be directed to the industrial process wastewater treatment system.
• Water consumption reduction is recommended, especially in areas with limited resources.
• Hydrostatic Testing Water:
  • Should be managed to minimize environmental impact.
  • Use filtered water and chemical additives (e.g., corrosion inhibitors, dyes).
  • Avoid discharge into shallow coastal waters.

Conclusion

The EHS Guidelines for Petroleum Refining provide a comprehensive framework for managing environmental, health, and safety impacts throughout the refining process. They emphasize the use of existing technologies to achieve reasonable and cost-effective performance levels, with flexibility to adapt to specific project circumstances. The guidelines also encourage the integration of pollution prevention measures, regular monitoring, and the implementation of site-specific environmental assessments to ensure compliance with both international standards and host country regulations.