石油炼制的环境_健康和安全指南（英文版）_33页_1mb

Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Petroleum Refining Summary

Introduction

The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Petroleum Refining are technical reference documents that outline Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) for new facilities. They are intended to be used alongside the General EHS Guidelines and may be applied to both new and existing facilities, with site-specific targets and timetables for the latter. The guidelines are applicable to all projects involving the World Bank Group and should be adapted based on environmental assessments that consider host country context, environmental assimilative capacity, and project-specific factors. When host country regulations are less stringent than the EHS Guidelines, a full justification must be provided to ensure the protection of human health and the environment.

Applicability and Emission Management

The EHS Guidelines cover the entire refining process from crude oil to finished products, including gas flaring and venting. For small combustion sources (≤50 MWth), guidance is provided in the General EHS Guidelines, while larger sources should refer to the Thermal Power Plant EHS Guidelines.

Gas Flaring

• Venting and flaring are essential for safely managing vapors during non-routine operations.
• Flare gas recovery systems should be used during planned start-up and shutdown.
• Flaring should be minimized, and alternatives for gas use should be evaluated and integrated into the production design.
• Flare management plans should be developed and implemented, with monthly metering of flare gas to monitor CO₂ and SO₂ emissions.

Fugitive Emissions

• Fugitive emissions can arise from various sources such as valves, flanges, tanks, and loading/unloading operations.
• VOCs, PAHs, inorganic gases, and HF are among the potential fugitive emission sources.
• A structured LDAR program is recommended, involving systematic P&ID reviews and prioritizing equipment with potential for leaks.
• Fugitive emissions should be contained or routed back into the process, using systems like nitrogen blanketing or vapor recovery units.
• Incineration should occur at high temperatures (≈800°C) to ensure complete destruction of emissions.
• Specific guidance for storage tanks and loading/unloading operations is available in the Crude Oil and Petroleum Product Terminals EHS Guidelines.

Emission Control Technologies

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

• NOx emissions can be reduced through low-NOx burners and technologies like Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) or thermal de-NOx.
• HiTAC (High-Temperature Air Combustion) is recommended for burning lean acid gas streams without auxiliary fuel or oxygen enrichment, leading to reduced NOx, CO, and hydrocarbon emissions.

Sulfur Oxides (SOx)

• SOx and H₂S emissions come from process units such as SRUs, FCC regenerators, and flares.
• Sulfur recovery is essential, with the Claus process being a common method for treating H₂S.
• High-efficiency SRUs and caustic scrubbers are recommended for SOx control and acid gas treatment.

Particulate Matter (PM)

• Particulate emissions include flue gas, catalyst fines, pet-coke, and incineration ash.
• Control measures include high-efficiency air pollution control devices such as bag filters, electrostatic precipitators, and scrubbers.
• Special handling of pet-coke and coke fines is required to prevent dust emissions, including storage under enclosed shelters, damp storage, and use of aspiration systems.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions

• CO₂ and CH₄ are the primary GHGs from petroleum refining.
• GHG emissions should be quantified annually using internationally recognized methodologies.
• EHS Guidelines recommend upgrading combustion sources, fuel gas systems, and installing waste heat recovery units to minimize emissions.

Wastewater Management

• Industrial process wastewater includes "sour" and non-oily/non-sour streams.
• Sour wastewater contains H₂S, NH₃, organic sulfur compounds, and phenol, and should be treated in the Sour Water Stripper Unit (SWSU) before disposal.
• Preventive measures include regular inspections, spill response plans, and containment basins with impervious surfaces.
• Wastewater treatment techniques include oil-water separation, filtration, equalization, sedimentation, and biological or chemical treatment.
• Contaminated streams should be directed to industrial process wastewater treatment systems, while non-contaminated streams are managed according to the General EHS Guidelines.

Additional Considerations

• Hydrostatic testing water should be managed carefully, using the same water for multiple tests and minimizing chemical use.
• If hydro-test water must be discharged, a disposal plan should be developed, considering environmental risk and required monitoring.
• Discharge into shallow coastal waters is discouraged.
• Hazardous material handling and waste management are covered in the General EHS Guidelines and Crude Oil and Petroleum Product Terminals EHS Guidelines.

Conclusion

The EHS Guidelines for Petroleum Refining provide a comprehensive framework for managing environmental, health, and safety risks associated with refining operations. They emphasize the use of existing technology to achieve reasonable performance levels, the importance of site-specific assessments, and the need for pollution prevention and control measures. By implementing these guidelines, refineries can minimize emissions, ensure safe operations, and comply with both international standards and local regulations.