液化天然气设施的环境、健康和安全指南（英文版）_24页

报告摘要

Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for LNG Facilities Summary

Introduction

The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facilities are technical reference documents that outline general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice. These guidelines are applied when the World Bank Group is involved in a project, in accordance with their policies and standards. They are intended to be used in conjunction with the General EHS Guidelines, which provide guidance on common EHS issues across all industry sectors. For complex projects, multiple industry-specific guidelines may be necessary. A complete list of industry sector guidelines can be found at www.ifc.org/ehsguidelines.

The EHS Guidelines focus on achievable performance levels and measures for new LNG facilities using existing technology at reasonable costs. For existing facilities, site-specific targets and timetables may be established as part of the environmental assessment process.

Applicability

The EHS Guidelines apply to the following LNG-related activities:

LNG base load liquefaction plants
LNG transport (by sea and land)
LNG storage
Regasification (including floating storage regasification units)
Peak shaving terminals
LNG fueling facilities

Additional guidance is provided for:

Coastal LNG facilities in the EHS Guidelines for Ports, Harbors, and Terminals
Vessels and floating storage units in the EHS Guidelines for Shipping
Road transportation is addressed in the General EHS Guidelines
Liquefied petroleum gas/condensate production and storage is not covered in this document

1. Industry-Specific Impacts and Management

1.1 Environment

LNG facilities may cause various environmental impacts, including:

Hazardous material management: Leaks, spills, and accidental releases can lead to fires, explosions, and vapor clouds.
Wastewater discharges: Cooling water, cold water streams, drainage, storm water, sewage, tank-bottom water, firewater, wash waters, and general oily waters.
Air emissions: From combustion processes, flaring, venting, and fugitive sources.
Waste management: Including non-hazardous and hazardous wastes.
Noise generation: From pumps, compressors, generators, and loading/unloading operations.
LNG transport-related issues: Such as RPT and BOG build-up.
LNG fueling-related issues: Including spill containment and equipment standards.

Hazardous Materials Management

LNG storage tanks and components must meet international standards for structural integrity, operational performance, and fire protection.
Periodic inspections and maintenance of storage tanks and components are required.
Grounding systems, proper hose connections, and no-smoking policies are essential during loading/unloading.
Secondary containment systems should be designed to contain sudden releases.
Drainage systems should be optimized to reduce vaporization and dispersion.
Gas release detection systems and ESD systems should be in place to minimize risks.

Wastewater Discharges

Cooling and cold water should be discharged in a way that minimizes thermal impact on surface waters.
Biocides and chemical additives should be selected based on concentration, toxicity, and environmental impact.
Separate drainage systems for process and non-process areas are recommended.
Oil/water separators should be used for storm water to achieve oil and grease concentrations below 10 mg/L.
Hydrostatic test water should be managed to minimize chemical use and environmental impact.

Air Emissions

Air emissions from combustion processes (boilers, turbines, engines) are the most significant source of emissions.
Air quality assessments and dispersion models should be used to estimate impacts.
Fugitive emissions from cold vents, leaking pipes, valves, and other components should be controlled.
Appropriate valves, seals, and leak detection programs are required to minimize emissions.

Waste Management

Waste materials should be segregated into non-hazardous and hazardous categories.
Reuse and recycling should be prioritized before disposal.
A waste tracking system should be implemented from origin to final disposal.

Noise

Noise sources include pumps, compressors, generators, and loading/unloading operations.
General noise prevention and control measures are provided in the General EHS Guidelines.

LNG Transport

LNG transport by sea and land is subject to specific EHS considerations.
Vessels must comply with international standards for design, construction, and operations.
Double-walled tanks with vacuum and insulation systems are recommended for road transport to prevent RPT.
Proper grounding and safe isolation procedures are necessary to prevent static electricity and accidents.

LNG Fueling

Storage and dispensing of LNG as engine fuel must follow international standards.
Additional guidance on retail fueling operations is provided in the EHS Guidelines for Retail Petroleum Networks.

1.2 Occupational Health and Safety

Comprehensive hazard assessments (e.g., HAZID, HAZOP) should be conducted.
Facilities should be designed to reduce risks from natural hazards like earthquakes and hurricanes.
A formal Permit to Work (PTW) system and lockout/tagout procedures are required for safe maintenance and operations.
Fire detection and suppression systems, along with emergency response plans, should be in place.
Training and safety protocols for staff and designated firefighting teams are essential.
Hazardous area zoning, safe distances between tanks and buildings, and proper fire protection measures are recommended.

Key Recommendations

All EHS measures should be based on site-specific environmental assessments and professional judgment.
Stricter regulations should be followed if host country standards are more stringent.
Justification for any proposed alternatives to EHS guidelines is required.
International standards and best practices are the foundation for EHS management in LNG facilities.

References

The document references various international standards and guidelines for EHS management.
Additional guidance can be found in the General EHS Guidelines, EHS Guidelines for Ports, Harbors, and Terminals, and EHS Guidelines for Shipping.