美国陆军发布了2021版《网络空间行动与电磁战》-162页_9mb

Summary of FM 3-12: Cyberspace Operations and Electromagnetic Warfare

Core Content

FM 3-12 is a field manual that outlines the Army's doctrine for conducting cyberspace operations and electromagnetic warfare (EW) to support unified land operations and joint operations. It provides guidance on the principles, tactics, and organizational structures necessary for integrating and synchronizing these capabilities across all domains of warfare.

Main Points

Purpose of FM 3-12

• Provides tactics, procedures, and guidance for coordinating, integrating, and synchronizing cyberspace operations and electromagnetic warfare.
• Supports unified land operations and joint operations by managing the electromagnetic spectrum and leveraging cyberspace capabilities.
• Supersedes the previous version from 11 April 2017.

Key Concepts

• Cyberspace is one of the five domains of warfare and uses part of the electromagnetic spectrum for operations.
• Electromagnetic Warfare (EW) involves the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the spectrum or attack the enemy.
• Cyberspace and EW are essential to command and control, information collection, situational understanding, and targeting.

Core Competencies

1. Enable situational understanding – Conduct cyberspace intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance to identify adversary networks and systems.
2. Protect friendly personnel and capabilities – Defend networks, platforms, and data from malicious activity; implement measures to mask or control friendly emissions.
3. Deliver effects – Use cyberspace and EW capabilities to reduce adversary combat power and enhance friendly lethality.

Fundamental Principles

1. Operational focus – Cyberspace and EW operations are aligned with the commander's operational design.
2. Adaptability and versatility – Capabilities are flexible and can be used as primary or supporting efforts based on mission requirements.
3. Global reach – These operations can be conducted from remote, co-located, or forward operating positions to deliver strategic, operational, or tactical effects.

Operational Environment

Overview

• The operational environment includes conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the use of capabilities and impact commander decisions.
• Cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum are highly congested and contested, with rapid changes that can influence mission success.

Cyberspace Domain

• A global domain within the information environment, including Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors.
• Cyberspace operations may involve physical domains via wired networks and the electromagnetic spectrum.

Cyberspace Layers

• Cyberspace is sometimes visualized in three layers: infrastructure, network, and application.
• These layers are interdependent, and each has unique attributes that influence operations.
• Cyberspace operations typically traverse all three layers but may target specific ones.

Integration with Other Operations

FM 3-12 emphasizes the integration of cyberspace operations and EW with other warfighting functions, including:

• Command and Control (C2)
• Movement and Maneuver
• Intelligence
• Fires
• Sustainment
• Protection

This integration is essential for achieving relative advantage and denying it to adversaries.

Organizational Structure

Cyberspace Operations

• Conducted by United States Army Cyber Command (USACyBERCOM) and Army Information Warfare Operations Center (AIWOC).
• Includes cyberspace electromagnetic activities (CEMA) sections at various echelons.

Electromagnetic Warfare

• Conducted by Electromagnetic Warfare Platoon (EWP) within Brigade Combat Teams (BCT).
• Includes Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electromagnetic Warfare, and Space Detachment (IICEMWSD).

Operations Process

FM 3-12 details the operations process which includes:

• Planning
• Preparation
• Execution
• Assessment

It also outlines integrating processes such as:

• Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB)
• Information Collection
• Targeting
• Risk Management
• Knowledge Management

These processes are essential for synchronizing and integrating cyberspace and EW into the broader operations framework.

Supporting Appendices

Conclusion

FM 3-12 is a critical guide for commanders and staffs to understand, plan, and execute cyberspace and electromagnetic warfare in support of multi-domain operations. It highlights the importance of integration and synchronization with other military capabilities and underscores the evolving nature of the operational environment, requiring constant updates to stay effective.