2021-12-30-亚开行-资助东南亚的海洋恢复健康_蓝色金融主流化的途径（英）_78页_3mb

报告摘要

Summary of "Financing the Ocean Back to Health in Southeast Asia: Approaches for Mainstreaming Blue Finance"

Core Content

This document, published by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in December 2021, explores the concept of blue finance as a critical tool for financing the sustainable development of the blue economy in Southeast Asia. The blue economy refers to the sustainable use of ocean and coastal resources to drive economic growth and improve livelihoods while protecting marine ecosystems. The report highlights the urgent need for innovative financial mechanisms to address the growing threats to ocean health, including plastic pollution, climate change, and unsustainable fishing practices.

Main Points

The Crisis in the Blue Economy

The ocean is vital for climate regulation, weather patterns, biodiversity, and provides nourishment to billions of people through seafood.
The blue economy is estimated to contribute $2.5 trillion to the global economy, representing nearly 5% of global GDP.
In some East Asian countries, the ocean economy accounts for 15%-20% of GDP.
50%-80% of the oxygen we breathe comes from the ocean.
8 million tons of plastic enter the ocean annually, with a projected increase to 19-23 million tons by 2016, which is 11% of global plastic generation.
Climate change is causing rising sea levels, ocean warming, and acidification, while unsustainable fishing is depleting fish stocks.
Without action, 90% of coral reefs could die by 2052, and all commercially exploitable wild fish stocks could be lost by 2048.

The Need for Blue Finance

The global blue economy faces significant challenges, including funding shortages.
ADB estimates that $459 billion annually is needed to finance the blue economy.
Traditional financing mechanisms are insufficient, and innovative structures such as blue bonds, debt-for-nature swaps, credit enhancements, and social impact bonds must be explored.
Blended finance is essential for increasing investments from nonsovereign sources and attracting impact investors.

ADB's Role

ADB is implementing the Action Plan for Healthy Oceans and Sustainable Blue Economies, aiming to increase financing to $5 billion by 2024.
The plan focuses on four areas:
1. Creating inclusive livelihoods in sustainable tourism and fisheries.
2. Protecting and restoring coastal and marine ecosystems.
3. Reducing land-based pollution (e.g., plastic, wastewater, agricultural runoff).
4. Improving sustainability in port and coastal infrastructure.
ADB is also piloting the Oceans Financing Initiative in Southeast Asia, supported by the ASEAN Catalytic Green Finance Facility (ACGF), the Republic of Korea, and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

Key Initiatives and Mechanisms

Ocean Health Credit Finance Mechanism is proposed as a tool to provide tailored concessional finance and de-risking instruments for blue economy projects.
The mechanism could be structured as a facility offering technical assistance, grant funds, zero-interest loans, and concessional finance.
It aims to support:
1. Government-led projects, including public-private partnerships.
2. Private-sector initiatives that align with blue principles.
3. Capacity building for stakeholders and institutions.
The ocean health credit could be issued as a certificate, structured note, or predetermined payments based on project performance.
Investors can either hold the credit until maturity for returns similar to ESG instruments, or exchange it into equity to increase community participation.
The mechanism includes guarantees for bonds and revenue support structures, as well as subscription to first loss tranches.

Opportunities in Southeast Asia

The region is a crucial hub for the blue economy due to its rich natural resources, intensive farming and aquaculture, rapid urbanization, and rising plastic pollution.
ADB and its partners are working to mainstream blue finance through standardization, transparency, and framework development.
The report emphasizes the importance of aligning blue finance with a cohesive development framework for the blue economy.

Conclusion

The ocean is the seventh-largest economy in the world, valued at $2.5 trillion, but financing remains a major challenge.
Blue finance is essential for ensuring long-term ecological and social benefits.
ADB is committed to supporting sustainable and bankable infrastructure projects that stimulate the blue economy and align with SDG 14 and the Paris Agreement.

Key Recommendations

Develop clear definitions and project selection criteria for blue finance.
Promote standardization in transparency, independent verification, and reporting.
Explore innovative financial instruments like blue bonds and ocean health credits.
Strengthen public-private partnerships and institutional capacity.
Create enabling environments for sustainable blue economy investments.

References and Supporting Organizations

Peer Reviewers: Norimasa Shimomura (UNDP), Seth Tan (Infrastructure Asia), Melissa Wright (Bloomberg Philanthropies), Nicolas Pascal (Blue Finance), Rob Kaplan (Circulate Capital), Chris Gorell Barnes and Max Gottschalk (Ocean 14 Capital), Michael C. Huang (Sasakawa Peace Foundation), Kristian Teleki and Ben Hart (World Resources Institute), Ingrid Van Wees and Bruce Dunn (ADB), Deborah Robertson and Melissa Walsh (ADB).
Key Organizations: ADB, UNDP, UNEP, World Resources Institute, Bloomberg Philanthropies, Circulate Capital, Ocean 14 Capital, and the ASEAN Catalytic Green Finance Facility (ACGF).