益普索-2018年全球假新闻报告（英文）-2019.1-36页_2mb

Fake News, Filter Bubbles, Post-Truth and Trust Summary

Core Content

This document presents the findings of a global survey conducted by Ipsos MORI Social Research Institute, focusing on public perceptions of fake news, filter bubbles, post-truth politics, and trust in media and politicians. The survey involved 13,500 adults across 27 countries, with varying sample sizes depending on the region, and aimed to understand how people view the role of misinformation in shaping public opinion and trust.

Main Findings

1. Perception of Filter Bubbles

• 65% of respondents believe that others live in internet bubbles, mostly seeking opinions they already agree with.
• However, only 34% admit that they themselves live in such a bubble.
• There is a significant disparity between what people think about others and their own behavior.

2. Confidence in Identifying Fake News

• 63% of people are confident that the average person can distinguish real news from fake news.
• Only 41% believe that they themselves can identify fake news.
• 58% think that others don't care about facts and just believe what they want.
• 59% believe they have a better understanding of social realities than the average person, with 29% disagreeing.

3. Self-Perception vs. Perception of Others

• A majority of people think they are better than average at identifying fake news (58%) but only 28% think they are not.
• The survey highlights a self-serving bias where individuals tend to overestimate their own ability to discern truth from falsehood.

4. Definition of Fake News

• Most people define fake news as stories with incorrect facts.
• 36% see it as a political term used to discredit opposing viewpoints, with 51% in the US holding this view.
• Some people also interpret fake news as a tool used by media or politicians to support their agenda.

5. Reasons for Misinformation

• Politicians are seen as the main source of misinformation by 64% of respondents globally.
• Media is also a significant contributor, with 57% believing that facts are misused more now than 30 years ago.
• Self-bias is another key factor, with 43% of people attributing their misperceptions to their own biases, such as focusing on negative news or generalizing from personal experience.
• 57% in the US are more likely to believe that personal bias plays a major role in misperceptions.

6. Trust and Knowledge

• 64% of people globally believe that trust in politicians has fallen compared to 30 years ago.
• 57% believe that misuse of facts in media and politics has increased.
• There is divergence in views about political knowledge:
  • 30% think people know less about politics and society than 30 years ago.
  • 39% believe people know more.
  • Wide variation exists across countries, with 66% of South Koreans believing they know more, and only 21% in France thinking the same.

7. Regional Variations

• Argentina and Turkey report the highest levels of belief that news organizations lie.
• Germany and Japan show the lowest levels of such belief.
• Spain and Hungary are exceptions in the perception of fake news identification, with higher confidence in the average person's ability to detect it.

Key Insights

• Self-perception bias is a major theme, where individuals often believe they are more informed or less biased than others.
• Misinformation is widely perceived as a global issue, but perceptions vary significantly by region and political climate.
• Trust in politicians and media is declining, especially in countries with high levels of political polarization.
• Fake news is not only seen as incorrect information but also as a tool for political discrediting.
• Understanding of social realities is often overestimated by individuals, who believe they are more informed than the average person.

Methodology

• The survey was conducted online between June 22 and July 6, 2018, involving 19,243 adults across 27 countries.
• Sample sizes ranged from 500 to 1,000+ per country.
• The data is weighted to reflect the general population, with some countries (like Brazil, China, etc.) having lower internet penetration and thus reflecting a more urban and educated population.

Conclusion

The survey reveals a complex interplay between self-perception, trust, and information consumption in the digital age. It highlights the prevalence of filter bubbles, the difficulty in identifying fake news, and the increased misuse of facts in politics and media. These findings suggest a global trend of distrust and misinformation, with regional and cultural differences playing a crucial role in shaping public opinion.