益普索-2019年全球网络调查报告（英文）-2019.10-214页_2mb

CIGI-IPSOS GLOBAL SURVEY: INTERNET SECURITY & TRUST (2019 PART 3)

Core Content Overview

This report presents findings from the CIGI-IPSOS Global Survey on Internet Security and Trust, focusing on social media, fake news, and algorithms. Conducted between December 21^st, 2018, and February 10^th, 2019, the survey gathered insights from 25,229 Internet users across 25 economies, including both online and face-to-face interviews.

Methodology

• Survey Conduct: Ipsos conducted the survey on behalf of the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI).
• Field Dates:
  • Online economies: December 21^st – January 4^th, 2019.
  • Offline economies:
    • Pakistan: January 14^th – February 10^th
    • Tunisia: January 24^th – 31^st
    • Kenya: January 28^th – February 7^th
    • Nigeria: January 25^th – February 7^th
• Sample Size: Approximately 1,000+ individuals were surveyed in each economy, weighted to reflect population demographics.
• Economies Included: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong (China), India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Republic of Korea, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, and the United States.
• Interview Length:
  • Online: ~10 minutes
  • Face-to-face: ~20 minutes or more
• Margin of Error:
  • Online: +/- 3.5 percentage points
  • Face-to-face: +/- 3.1 percentage points, 19 times out of 20

Key Takeaways

1. Social Media and Information Access

• Majorities around the world say social media has increased ease of communication and access to information.
• Mixed views on its impact on civility, with nearly half (53%) believing it has had an impact, though nearly as many think it has decreased civility.
• Developed economies are more likely to view social media as less disruptive to censorship compared to developing economies.
• Developing economies such as Kenya, Nigeria, and Turkey report higher levels of increased censorship via social media.

2. Fake News Perception

• 44% of global citizens admit to being duped by fake news at least sometimes.
• Fake news is most prevalent on Facebook, social media, and the Internet, with less prevalence in mainstream media.
• Online trolls and social media platforms are the most commonly cited actors responsible for spreading fake news.
• Strong majorities support actions to resist fake news, excluding government censorship.

3. Impact of Fake News

• 87% of global citizens believe fake news makes things worse due to the Internet.
• Fake news is seen as negatively impacting economy, politics, and political discourse.
• United States is most blamed for spreading fake news, even among its own citizens.
• Two in five citizens now trust the media less due to fake news.

4. Algorithm Bias and Transparency

• Fewer than half (48%) express confidence in the unbiasedness of algorithms used in daily life.
• Developed economies show less confidence in algorithmic neutrality.
• Common reasons for lack of confidence in algorithms include:
  • Lack of transparency
  • Perception of exploitation by design
  • Absence of human element in decision-making
• Conversely, those who are confident cite:
  • Objectivity
  • Lack of human emotion
  • Lack of human influence

5. Responsibility for Fake News

• Strong majorities globally assign blame to social media platforms (82%) and online trolls (81%).
• Mainstream media is also seen as responsible, though less so in Germany (49%).
• Government is perceived as responsible by two-thirds (68%), with Germany (45%) being the exception.
• Foreign governments are seen as responsible by 71%, with limited regional variation.
• International organizations are perceived as responsible by 66%, with limited regional variation as well.

Summary of Key Findings

• Social media enhances communication and information access, but is mixed in its impact on civility.
• Fake news is most prevalent on social media platforms and the Internet, with lower prevalence in mainstream media.
• Algorithms are seen as biased by most, with developed economies being more skeptical.
• United States is most blamed for the spread of fake news, especially in its own population.
• Developing economies are more likely to perceive negative impacts of fake news on privacy, civility, and political discourse.
• Responsibility for fake news is broadly shared among social media platforms, online trolls, governments, and foreign actors, with minimal regional differences.