2025-04-20-IEA-G20国家的无碳电力（英）_110页_5mb

The report, produced by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Korea Energy Economics Institute, analyzes the status of carbon-free electricity across G20 nations and provides policy recommendations for accelerating the transition. The study groups countries into clusters based on renewable energy use, installed capacity, and economic factors, highlighting key challenges and proposing targeted strategies.

Key Findings:

• Carbon-Free Energy Definition: Includes solar PV, wind, nuclear, hydropower, bioenergy, geothermal, and hydrogen. Variable renewables (solar and wind) are proliferating, but require backup from dispatchable sources like hydropower and nuclear.
• Current Status: By 2030, solar PV and wind are projected to dominate, but nuclear and hydropower remain crucial for stability. Countries listed in various clusters exhibit varying renewable penetration levels and dispatchable capacity shares.
• Levelized Costs of Electricity (LCOE): Solar and wind costs have dropped significantly, but nuclear and hydrogen costs vary by region. Factors like WACC and resource availability influence LCOE.
• Clustering Analysis: Countries are divided into six clusters based on: renewable generation, dispatchable capacity, interconnection, GDP, population density, and cost competitiveness.

Policy Recommendations:

1. All Clusters: (a) Ensure regulatory consistency and transparency; (b) Reform financing to lower project risks; (c) Strengthen grid infrastructure to accommodate variable sources.
2. Cluster-Specific: Proposed tailored strategies for each cluster to address unique challenges like permitting delays, grid constraints, and financing barriers.

The IEA emphasizes that no single transition path applies universally, underscoring the need for policies to align with each country's energy mix, geography, and economic context.