【国际能源署】G20国家的无碳电力-2025_110页_5mb

Summary of Carbon-Free Electricity in G20 Countries

Core Content

This report, commissioned by the Republic of Korea's Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), provides an analysis of the status and prospects of carbon-free energy in the electricity sector of G20 countries. It is a joint effort by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEi), aiming to identify policy recommendations to accelerate the deployment of carbon-free electricity.

The report categorises G20 countries into clusters based on their energy mix, policy frameworks, and progress towards carbon neutrality. It explores the differences in carbon-free energy sources, including solar PV, wind, nuclear, bioenergy, ocean, geothermal, hydropower, and hydrogen, and examines how these technologies are being integrated into national energy strategies.

Main Viewpoints

• Decarbonisation and Electrification: Transitioning to carbon-free electricity and electrifying energy demand are critical for achieving a clean energy future.
• Technology Neutrality: The Carbon-Free Energy (CFE) Initiative supports technology-neutral approaches to decarbonise the energy sector.
• Diverse Energy Strategies: G20 countries have different approaches to carbon-free energy, influenced by natural resources, policy goals, and energy security needs.
• Role of Policy: Policies such as renewable energy auctions, financial incentives, and tax credits play a central role in promoting carbon-free energy deployment.
• Integration Challenges: Variable renewable energy (VRE) requires dispatchable backup or system flexibility, which can be provided by nuclear and hydropower.
• Carbon Trading Schemes: Some G20 countries have introduced carbon trading schemes, but their scope and effectiveness vary significantly.

Key Information

Carbon-Free Energy Sources

The report defines carbon-free energy as sources that generate electricity without emitting carbon dioxide. These include:

• Solar PV
• Wind
• Nuclear
• Bioenergy
• Ocean
• Geothermal
• Hydropower
• Hydrogen

G20 Country Clusters

Countries are grouped into clusters based on shared characteristics related to carbon-free energy. These clusters help in identifying common challenges and opportunities for policy development.

Renewable Energy Targets by 2030

Carbon Trading Schemes

Policy Drivers

Most G20 countries have implemented renewable energy auctions, financial incentives, tax credits, and support mechanisms for distributed generation. Key policies include:

• Renewable Energy Auctions: Used by most countries to support RES deployment.
• Financial Support: Includes tax credits, subsidies, and low-interest loans.
• Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs): Widely used to secure long-term renewable energy supply.
• Net Metering: Encourages small-scale renewable energy installations.
• Hydrogen Initiatives: Several countries are developing hydrogen strategies, with a focus on green hydrogen production and export.
• Nuclear Energy Policies: Vary from expansion to phasing out, with some countries exploring new reactor technologies.

Policy Recommendations

The report provides both cluster-specific and cross-cluster policy recommendations to boost carbon-free energy uptake. These include:

• Enhancing Renewable Energy Auctions: To ensure competitive pricing and project viability.
• Improving Grid Flexibility: To accommodate variable renewable energy sources.
• Supporting Hydrogen Development: Including investment in infrastructure and export partnerships.
• Promoting Nuclear Energy: Where feasible, through public-private partnerships and technological innovation.
• Strengthening Carbon Trading Schemes: To improve coverage and price mechanisms for better emissions reduction.
• Fostering International Cooperation: To share best practices, technology, and funding for renewable energy projects.

Opportunities for Growth

• Renewable Energy Capacity: Expected to increase significantly, with solar PV and wind leading the growth.
• Hydropower: Will remain a dominant source, but its share may decline due to the rise of other renewables.
• Hydrogen: Seen as a promising export opportunity, especially for countries with abundant renewables.
• Nuclear Power: Can provide stable baseload power to complement variable renewables.

Conclusion

The report underscores the importance of tailored policies and international collaboration in advancing carbon-free electricity. It highlights the need for a diversified approach that considers each country's unique circumstances and energy mix to achieve a sustainable and reliable energy transition.