2010-12-31-世界卫生组织-2011_STEPS_Fact_Sheet_Liberia_2页_67kb

Liberia STEPS Survey Summary (2011)

Overview

The STEPS (STEPS Surveillance) survey in Liberia was conducted from February to March 2011 as a population-based survey targeting adults aged 25–64 years. It included three steps to collect data on chronic disease risk factors:

1. Step 1: Socio-demographic and behavioural information (tobacco use, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity).
2. Step 2: Physical measurements (BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure).
3. Step 3: Biochemical measurements (fasting blood glucose).

A multi-stage cluster sampling design was employed to ensure a representative sample of the target population. A total of 2,508 adults participated in the survey, achieving an overall response rate of 87.1%.

Step 1: Socio-Demographic and Behavioural Information

Tobacco Use

• Current smokers: 9.9% (8.2–11.6) overall, with males having a significantly higher rate (17.2%) than females (2.8%).
• Daily smokers: 7.5% (6.0–9.0) overall, with males (13.9%) more likely to smoke daily than females (1.3%).
• Average age of starting smoking: 21.3 years (20.3–22.4) overall.
• Manufactured cigarette use: 91.8% (87.6–95.9) of daily smokers used manufactured cigarettes.
• Daily cigarette consumption: 5.7 cigarettes per day (5.0–6.5) overall.

Alcohol Consumption

• Lifetime abstainers: 63.2% (59.1–67.4) overall, with females more likely to abstain (75.2%) than males (50.8%).
• Past 12-month abstainers: 6.9% (5.7–8.1) overall.
• Current drinkers: 24.0% (20.4–27.5) overall, with males (34.3%) more likely to drink than females (14.0%).
• Heavy episodic drinking: 23.0% (19.5–26.5) of males engaged in heavy episodic drinking, compared to 9.7% of females.

Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

• Mean days of fruit consumption per week: 2.3 days (2.2–2.4) overall.
• Mean servings of fruit per day: 0.7 servings (0.6–0.8) overall.
• Mean days of vegetable consumption per week: 3.5 days (3.3–3.7) overall.
• Mean servings of vegetables per day: 1.0 serving (0.9–1.1) overall.
• Percentage with less than 5 servings of fruits and/or vegetables per day: 96.1% overall, with males at 96.7% and females at 95.5%.

Physical Activity

• Low activity level (less than 600 MET-minutes/week): 33.2% (27.6–38.8) overall.
• High activity level (≥ 3000 MET-minutes/week): 47.3% (42.1–52.5) overall.
• Median time spent in physical activity per day: 87.9 minutes (17.1–317.1) overall.
• Percentage not engaging in vigorous activity: 59.9% (54.4–65.5) overall, with females more likely to not engage in vigorous activity (65.4%) than males (54.4%).

Step 2: Physical Measurements

Body Mass Index (BMI)

• Mean BMI: 26.4 (25.9–26.9) overall.
• Overweight (BMI ≥ 25): 49.9% overall, with females more likely to be overweight (57.0%) than males (43.0%).
• Obese (BMI ≥ 30): 22.0% overall, with females (28.7%) more likely to be obese than males (15.4%).

Waist Circumference

• Males: 73.3 cm (70.4–76.2)
• Females: 80.4 cm (78.1–82.8)

Blood Pressure

• Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP): 128.7 mmHg (127.3–130.1) overall.
• Mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP): 79.7 mmHg (78.9–80.6) overall.
• Raised BP (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or on medication): 30.7% overall, with males (30.3%) and females (31.0%) showing similar rates.
• Raised BP without medication: 88.2% overall, with males (90.5%) more likely to have raised BP without medication than females (86.0%).

Step 3: Biochemical Measurements

Fasting Blood Glucose

• Mean fasting blood glucose: 96.7 mg/dl (94.9–98.5) overall.
• Impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG): 14.9% overall (13.3–16.4), with males (14.0%) and females (15.7%) showing similar rates.
• Raised fasting blood glucose (≥ 110 mg/dl): 19.2% overall (16.0–22.3), with males (19.0%) and females (19.3%) having comparable rates.

Summary of Combined Risk Factors

The survey identified the following key risk factors for chronic diseases:

• Current daily smokers
• Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²)
• Less than 5 servings of fruits and/or vegetables per day
• Raised blood pressure (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or on medication)

Risk Factor Prevalence

• Percentage with none of the above risk factors: 1.1% overall (0.7–1.5).
• Percentage with three or more risk factors:
  • Aged 25–44 years: 28.7% (24.9–32.6)
  • Aged 45–64 years: 43.2% (37.4–49.0)
  • Overall (25–64 years): 33.5% (29.7–37.3)

Key Findings

• A significant proportion of the population (over 95%) consumed less than 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day.
• Over 40% of adults were overweight, and over 20% were obese.
• Approximately 30% of adults had raised blood pressure, with a high proportion not on medication.
• Tobacco use was more common among males, with over 17% currently smoking.
• Males were more likely to engage in heavy episodic drinking than females.
• Females were more likely to be overweight and obese than males.
• Physical activity levels were generally low, with over 30% of adults classified as having low activity levels.
• Only about 1.1% of adults had none of the identified risk factors, highlighting the widespread presence of multiple chronic disease risk factors in the population.

Conclusion

The Liberia STEPS survey revealed a high prevalence of chronic disease risk factors among adults aged 25–64. These include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, low fruit and vegetable intake, overweight and obesity, and raised blood pressure. The survey underscores the need for targeted public health interventions to address these modifiable risk factors and reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases in Liberia.