2025-01-01-世界卫生组织-Environmental_Health_Indonesia_2024_country_profile_3页_178kb

报告摘要

Average PM2.5 concentration: 19 μg/m³ (below WHO guideline of 10 μg/m³)
Legal standards: Exist, but compliance is partial (WHO guideline value met in 25% of population)
Health impacts: Causes stroke and ischaemic heart disease
Policies: Insufficient, with low implementation; focus on clean cooking fuels

Population without safe drinking water/drainage: Less than 50%
Sanitation and hygiene facilities: Below target; insufficient data for full assessment
Health impacts: High risk of diarrhoea from unsafe water and inadequate hygiene
Policies: Moderate, but incomplete; WHO guidelines not fully implemented

Heat-related deaths: 87% increase under high emissions scenario (RCP8.5); vulnerability high
National policies: Exist, including adaptation assessments, but insufficient funding and action
Health impacts: Increased risk from heat spells and climate events
Climate commitment: Plans aim for sustainable health systems, but co-benefits not well integrated

Terrestrial and marine area protected: Insufficient data; forest area decreased by 22% from 1990 to 2020
National policies: Strategy and action plan submitted post-COP15; target to conserve 30% by 2030
Health impacts: Indirect, through ecosystem degradation and deforestation
Compliance: Below standards; international commitments incomplete

Blood lead levels in children: 3 μg/dL (below WHO guidelines)
IHR capacity scores: Low (chemical events: 40% of standards attained; radiation events insufficient data)
Legal regulations: Exist for mercury (Minamata Convention party), but weak enforcement; limits on lead paint and radon regulations lacking
Health impacts: Poisoning incidents, skin cancer, and radon exposure risks high due to insufficient policies

Death rate from work-related diseases: 43 per 100,000 population; Indonesia ranked 9th out of 11 SEAR countries in convention ratification
Occupational risks: High mortality from injuries and long working hours (>55 hours/week); services underdeveloped
Policies: National framework and standards exist, but implementation poor; insufficient safety programs and funding
Health impacts: Significant burden from occupational injuries and diseases, with no climate resilience assessment

Services: Only 50-74% of facilities safely managed with water, sanitation, and hygiene; electricity supply unreliable
Waste management: Insufficient standards; climate and environmental sustainability assessments inadequate
Policies: No comprehensive waste management policies; basic health services missing; compartmentalized climate assessments not integrated
Health impacts: Compromised quality of care and infection control risks due to facility deficiencies

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