2025-01-01-世界卫生组织-Environmental_Health_Uganda_2024_country_profile_3页_183kb

报告摘要

Health and Environment Scorecard: Uganda

Core Content Overview

This scorecard provides an assessment of the health and environmental challenges in Uganda, focusing on air pollution, WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene), climate change, biodiversity, chemicals, radiation, and occupational health. It highlights the extent of the problem, health impacts, and the status of existing policies and infrastructure.

Air Pollution

Extent of the Problem

Uganda's annual mean PM2.5 concentration is 31 μg/m³, which is 6 times the WHO guideline value of 5 μg/m³.
100% of the population uses unsafe fuels and technologies for cooking.

Health Impact

50% of deaths from stroke and ischaemic heart disease are attributed to air pollution.
Air pollution causes many other diseases and adverse health outcomes, though specific data is limited.

Policies

Legal standards for PM2.5 exist and are compliant with WHO guidelines.
A national policy on household energy exists, but data on compliance is insufficient.
No legal limit on lead paint is in place.
No poison centre exists, and data on regulation of artificial tanning devices and radon is insufficient.

WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene)

Extent of the Problem

81% of the population lacks access to safe drinking water.
28% of the population lacks access to safe sanitation.

Health Impact

75% of deaths from diarrhoea are caused by unsafe drinking water, sanitation, and inadequate personal hygiene.

Policies

Sufficient funding for implementation of national WASH plans is available.
50-74% of what is needed is allocated for drinking water and sanitation in both urban and rural areas.
50-74% of what is needed is allocated for WASH in health care facilities and schools.
The existence of standards for WASH in health care facilities and health care waste management is noted, though data is insufficient for reliable electricity supply and climate resilience assessments.

Climate Change

Extent of the Problem

67% of total final energy consumption comes from fossil fuels and traditional biomass.
Under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5), 124 days are projected to be "warm spell" days in 2050.

Health Impact

34 heat deaths per 100,000 people in the 65+ age group are expected by 2050, compared to 1 heat death per 100,000 in the 1961–1990 period.

Policies

Uganda has a National Adaptation Plan (HNAP) and is committed to the COP26 Health Programme.
It has included health co-benefits in its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).
A climate vulnerability and adaptation assessment exists, but data on climate assessment and resilience is insufficient.

Biodiversity

Extent of the Problem

16% of Uganda's terrestrial and marine areas are protected.
The global target is to conserve 30% of land, waters, and seas by 2030.
-35% change in forest area from 1990 to 2020, equivalent to a loss of 12,370 km².

Policies

A Post-COP15 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan has been submitted.
No legal standards or regulations for lead paint, artificial tanning devices, or radon in dwellings are in place.
Data on the existence of national radon regulations is insufficient.

Chemicals and Radiation

Chemicals

Mean blood lead level in children under 5 is 5 μg/dL.
35th of 47 African countries in terms of unintentional poisoning mortality rates.
40% IHR capacity score for chemical events, with 60% not attained.
3 out of 100,000 children under five die from poisonings annually.
Uganda is a Party to the Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Radiation

1 out of 100,000 people die from melanoma and other skin cancers annually.
Less than 1 out of 100,000 die from residential radon.
40% IHR capacity score for radiation emergencies, with 60% not attained.
7 key informants report on core capacity attributes for radiation emergencies.
No national standards for electromagnetic fields, no regulations on artificial tanning devices, and no national radon regulations are in place.

Occupational Health

Extent of the Problem

95% of total employment is informal.
16% of the working-age population is exposed to long working hours (≥55 hours/week).

Health Impact

20 out of 100,000 people of working age die from occupational injuries annually.
8th of 47 African countries in terms of occupational disease and injury mortality rates.

Policies

No national policy instruments for occupational health and safety for health workers exist.
0 out of 3 key international labour conventions (C155, C161, C187) on occupational safety and health have been ratified.

Health Care Facilities

Basic Services

41% of health care facilities lack access to water.
91% lack access to sanitation.
75% lack access to hygiene services.
51% lack access to waste management services.

Electricity and Climate Resilience

Insufficient data on reliable electricity supply.
Insufficient data on climate assessment and resilience in health care facilities.

References

Air Pollution: WHO global air quality guidelines 2021, WHO SDG Indicator 11.6.2, WHO data portal, UNEP 2021, WHO Household energy policy repository.
WASH: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, WHO GLAAS 2021/2022, WHO water, sanitation and hygiene burden of disease data.
Climate Change: IEA 2023, WHO Health and Climate Change Country Profiles, Honda et al. 2014, WHO Health and Climate Change Global Survey, ATACH baselines, 2024 data.
Biodiversity: World Bank Group, FAO 2020, CBD Online Reporting Tool 2024.
Chemicals: WHO IHR core capacity scores, IHME lead exposure estimates, WHO unintentional poisoning mortality, UNEP Minamata Convention.
Radiation: WHO IHR core capacity scores, WHO melanoma and skin cancer deaths, IHME residential radon deaths, WHO electromagnetic fields, WHO sunbed regulations, WHO radon regulations.
Occupational Health: ILOSTAT, WHO/ILO joint estimates, WHO occupational burden of disease application, ILO ratifications.
Health Care Facilities: WHO/UNICEF WASH in health care facilities, WHO electrification database, WHO/UNICEF Country progress tracker.