2025-01-01-世界卫生组织-Environmental_Health_Nicaragua_2024_country_profile_3页_176kb
报告摘要
Health and Environment Scorecard Summary: Nicaragua
Core Content Overview
This document presents a comprehensive health and environment scorecard for Nicaragua, focusing on key areas such as air pollution, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), climate change, biodiversity, chemicals, radiation, and occupational health. It highlights the extent of environmental problems, their health impacts, and the existing policies and standards in place.
Air Pollution
Extent of the Problem
- Nicaragua's annual mean PM2.5 level is 16 μg/m³, 3x the WHO guideline value of 5 μg/m³.
- 45% of the population lacks access to clean fuels and cooking technologies.
Health Impact
- 35% of deaths from stroke and ischaemic heart disease are attributed to air pollution.
- Air pollution causes numerous other diseases and adverse health outcomes, though specific data is limited.
Policies
- Legal standards for PM2.5 exist.
- A national policy on household energy is in place.
- Compliant with WHO Air Quality Guidelines.
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)
Extent of the Problem
- INSUFFICIENT DATA is noted for the percentage of the population without safe drinking water and sanitation.
- 63% of deaths from diarrhoea are caused by unsafe drinking water, sanitation, and inadequate personal hygiene.
Health Impact
- The health impact is significant, with a high proportion of diarrhoeal deaths linked to WASH conditions.
Policies
- Sufficient funding for national WASH plans is available.
- Health care facilities have <50% of what is needed for safely managed drinking water and sanitation services.
- INSUFFICIENT DATA is reported on the existence of standards for WASH in health care facilities.
Climate Change
Extent of the Problem
- 86% of total final energy consumption comes from fossil fuels and traditional biomass.
- INSUFFICIENT DATA on the number of "warm spell" days in 2050 under a high emissions scenario.
- Heat deaths in 2050 are projected to increase compared to the 1961-1990 period under RCP8.5.
Health Impact
- INSUFFICIENT DATA on specific health impacts of climate change, though the risk of heat-related deaths is acknowledged.
Policies
- Nicaragua has submitted a Post-COP15 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.
- It has committed to the COP26 Health Programme, climate resilient health systems, and sustainable low carbon health systems.
- Inclusion of health co-benefits in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is noted.
- INSUFFICIENT DATA is reported on the existence of standards for WASH in health care facilities and health care waste management.
Biodiversity
Extent of the Problem
- 10% of terrestrial and marine areas are protected, falling short of the global target of 30% by 2030.
- There has been a -47% change in forest area from 1990 to 2020, equivalent to -29,910 km².
Health Impact
- INSUFFICIENT DATA is reported on the health impact of biodiversity loss.
Policies
- A Post-COP15 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan has been submitted.
- INSUFFICIENT DATA is reported on the existence of national policies for biodiversity conservation.
Chemicals
Extent of the Problem
- Mean blood lead level in children under 5 is 4 μg/dL.
- IHR capacity score for chemical events is 60%, with 40% not attained.
- Less than 1 out of 100,000 children under 5 die from poisonings annually.
Health Impact
- Low mortality from poisonings, but potential long-term health risks from lead exposure are noted.
Policies
- Legal limits on lead paint exist.
- Existence of a poison centre is reported.
- Party to the Minamata Convention on Mercury.
- INSUFFICIENT DATA on the existence of national regulations for radon and electromagnetic fields.
Radiation
Extent of the Problem
- IHR capacity score for radiation emergencies is 60%, with 40% not attained.
- Less than 1 out of 100,000 people die from melanoma and other skin cancers annually.
- Less than 1 out of 100,000 people die from residential radon annually.
Health Impact
- Minimal mortality from radiation-related diseases, but risks exist.
Policies
- INSUFFICIENT DATA on standards for electromagnetic fields and artificial tanning devices.
- INSUFFICIENT DATA on national radon regulations for dwellings.
Occupational Health
Extent of the Problem
- 13% of the working-age population is exposed to long working hours (≥55 hours/week).
- 9 out of 100,000 people of working age die from occupational diseases annually.
- 6 out of 100,000 people of working age die from occupational injuries annually.
Health Impact
- Nicaragua ranks 5th out of 33 countries in the Region of the Americas for occupational disease mortality.
- It ranks 25th for occupational injury mortality.
Policies
- INSUFFICIENT DATA on the existence of national policy instruments for occupational health and safety for health workers.
- 0 out of 3 key international labour conventions (C155, C161, C187) on occupational safety and health have been ratified.
Health Care Facilities
Extent of the Problem
- 42% of health care facilities lack access to basic water services.
- 43% lack adequate hygiene services.
- INSUFFICIENT DATA on sanitation and electricity supply in health care facilities.
Health Impact
- Poor WASH conditions in health care facilities contribute to disease transmission and poor health outcomes.
Policies
- INSUFFICIENT DATA on the existence of standards for WASH and health care waste management in facilities.
- Climate resilience and environmental sustainability are being assessed.
Key Takeaways
- Air pollution is a major issue in Nicaragua, with PM2.5 levels exceeding WHO guidelines by 3x.
- WASH conditions in health care facilities are inadequate, with significant gaps in water, hygiene, and sanitation.
- Climate change poses a growing threat, particularly through increased heat-related deaths and reliance on fossil fuels.
- Biodiversity loss is evident, with low levels of protected areas and significant deforestation.
- Chemical exposure, particularly lead, is a concern, though mortality is low.
- Radiation risks are minimal, but policies are lacking.
- Occupational health is a priority, with high rates of long working hours and limited policy implementation.
- Health care facilities are under-resourced, with insufficient infrastructure and compliance with environmental standards.
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