2012-12-31-世界卫生组织-2013_STEPS_Fact_Sheet_Samoa_2页_221kb

Samoa STEPS Survey 2013 Summary

Overview

This survey assessed chronic disease risk factors in adults aged 18-64 in Samoa during April-May 2013. It employed a multi-stage cluster sampling design with 1766 participants, achieving a 64% response rate. Three steps were conducted: Step 1 collected sociodemographic and behavioral data, Step 2 included physical measurements, and Step 3 involved biochemical assessments.

Step 1: Behavioral Risk Factors

• Tobacco Use: Approximately one-quarter of adults smoked tobacco, with higher prevalence among males and lower among females. Daily smokers averaged starting at 20.8 years, consuming around 9 cigarettes daily, mostly manufactured.
• Alcohol Consumption: Lifetime abstention was high (76.6%), but current drinking affected 10.9%. Heavy episodic drinking was less common, primarily among males.
• Fruit and Vegetable Intake: Average daily servings were below recommended levels (0.8 fruit servings, 1.3 vegetable servings), with 91.6% consuming less than 5 servings combined.
• Salt and Iodine Intake: Mean salt intake was high at 7.0 g/day. Urine iodine levels indicated variable iodine status.
• Physical Activity: Notably low for vigorous activity (median time per day: females 85.7 minutes, males higher). Over a third had low activity, compared to 62.2% with high activity.

Step 2: Physical Measurements

• Body Mass Index (BMI): Average BMI was 32.1 kg/m², with high overweight (≥25 kg/m²) and obesity (≥30 kg/m²) rates (around 85% overweight, 56% obese). BMI differed by sex and age.
• Waist Circumference: Average waist size was high, suggesting central obesity.
• Blood Pressure: Mean systolic and diastolic pressures were elevated, particularly among those not on medication, with over one-quarter having raised blood pressure (SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90 mmHg).

Step 3: Biochemical Measurements

• Fasting Blood Glucose: In those not on medication, blood glucose levels indicated impaired fasting glycaemia in 25% and raised glucose in 21%.
• Total Blood Cholesterol: Elevated levels (≥5.0 mmol/L or ≥190 mg/dl) were found in 16% of non-medicated individuals, including both sexes but higher in males.

Combined Risk Factors Summary

• Key risk factors include current daily smoking, low fruit/veg intake, overweight/obesity, and raised blood pressure. Most adults had none or multiple risk factors.
• Sex-specific rates: Males less likely to have no risk factors but have higher smoking and obesity rates; females more abstinent but face higher risks in older ages.
• Aged 25–44 years: 40%–50% with three or more risk factors.
• Aged 45–64 years: 48%–70% with three or more risk factors.
• Overall, the survey highlights high prevalence of modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases in Samoa.