2022-06-07-世界卫生组织-Environmental_Health_Rwanda_2022_country_profile_2页_189kb

Rwanda Health and Environment Scorecard Summary

Core Content Overview

This document provides an overview of Rwanda's health and environmental challenges, focusing on four key areas: Air Pollution, Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), Climate Change, and Chemicals & Radiation. It highlights the extent of the problems, their health impacts, and the policies in place or lacking to address them.

Air Pollution

Extent of the Problem

• Rwanda's annual mean PM₂.5 concentration is 36 µg/m³, significantly exceeding the WHO guideline of 5 µg/m³.
• 99% of the population uses clean fuels and technologies for cooking.

Health Impact

• 50% of stroke and ischaemic heart disease cases in Rwanda are attributed to air pollution.
• Air pollution causes a wide range of other diseases and adverse health outcomes, though specific details are not provided.

Policies

• Legal standards for PM₂.5 exist.
• Rwanda complies with WHO Air Quality Guidelines.
• A national policy on household energy is in place.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)

Extent of the Problem

• 88% of the population lacks safe drinking water.
• NO DATA is available on the percentage of the population without safe sanitation.

Health Impact

• 71% of diarrhoea cases are caused by unsafe drinking water, sanitation, and inadequate personal hygiene.

Policies

• NO DATA is available on the financial resources allocated for implementing national WASH plans.

Climate Change

Extent of the Problem

• NO DATA is available on the percentage of hot days in 2050 under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5).
• NO DATA is available on the number of heat-related deaths in 2050 compared to the 1961–1990 period.

Health Impact

• NO DATA is available on the existence of a national health and climate change plan or strategy.

Chemicals

Extent of the Problem

• 4 out of 100,000 children under five die from poisonings annually.
• IHR capacity score for chemical events is 80%, ranking Rwanda 13th of 47 countries in the African region.
• 20% not attained in the capacity for chemical events.

Health Impact

• Less than 1 out of 100,000 people die from residential radon annually.

Policies

• NO DATA is available on the existence of national radon regulations for dwellings.
• Rwanda is a party to the Minamata Convention on Mercury.
• NO DATA is available on the existence of legal limits on lead paint or a poison centre.

Radiation

Extent of the Problem

• IHR capacity score for radiation emergencies is 80%, ranking Rwanda 15th of 47 countries in the African region.
• 20% not attained in the capacity for radiation emergencies.

Health Impact

• 1 out of 100,000 people die from melanoma and other skin cancers annually.
• NO DATA is available on the number of deaths from residential radon.

Policies

• NO DATA is available on the existence of standards for electromagnetic fields or regulations on artificial tanning devices/sun beds.

Occupational Health

Extent of the Problem

• 83% of total employment is in informal employment.
• 6 out of 100,000 people of working age die from diseases due to occupational risks annually, ranking Rwanda 4th in the African region.
• 15 out of 100,000 people of working age die from injuries due to occupational risks annually, ranking Rwanda 36th in the African region.
• 7% of the working class population is exposed to long working hours (≥55 hours/week).

Policies

• NO DATA is available on the existence of occupational health and safety programmes for health workers.
• Rwanda has ratified 2 out of 3 key international labour conventions on occupational safety and health (C155, C161, and C187).

Key Information and Main Points

• Air Pollution is a severe issue in Rwanda, with PM₂.5 levels far exceeding WHO guidelines, and a high percentage of the population using unsafe cooking fuels.
• WASH is a critical concern, with over 88% of the population lacking access to safe drinking water, and significant health impacts from diarrhoea.
• Climate Change data is limited, but projections under high emissions scenarios suggest potential increases in hot days and heat-related deaths.
• Chemicals and Radiation pose health risks, though Rwanda has limited policy data in these areas. It is a party to the Minamata Convention on Mercury, indicating some level of commitment.
• Occupational Health is a major issue, with a high proportion of informal employment and limited occupational safety and health policies in place.

References

• Air Pollution: WHO global air quality guidelines 2021, WHO SDG Indicator 11.6.2, WHO household air pollution data, WHO air pollution data portal, UNEP 2021.
• WASH: WHO, UNICEF: Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, WHO water, sanitation and hygiene: burden of disease.
• Climate Change: Honda et al. 2014, WHO: Climate change and country profiles.
• Chemicals: WHO: Average of 13 IHR core capacity scores, WHO: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings, WHO: Legally binding controls for lead paint, WHO: World directory of poison centres, UNEP: Minamata Convention on Mercury.
• Radiation: WHO: Average of 13 IHR core capacity scores, WHO: Deaths from melanoma and other skin cancers, IHME: Deaths from residential radon, WHO: Electromagnetic fields, WHO: Legislation on artificial tanning sunbeds, WHO: National radon regulations.
• Occupation: ILOSTAT: informal economy, WHO: Disease burden from long working hours, WHO/IL0: Joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, WHO: Occupational health and safety programmes for health workers, ILO ratifications of C155, C161, and C187.