2022-06-07-世界卫生组织-Environmental_Health_Serbia_2022_country_profile_2页_252kb

Health and Environment Scorecard Summary: Serbia

Core Content Overview

This document provides an overview of Serbia's health and environment scorecard, focusing on key areas such as air pollution, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), climate change, chemicals, and occupational health. The data highlights the extent of the problem, health impacts, and existing policies or lack thereof.

Air Pollution

Extent of the Problem

• Serbia's annual mean PM2.5 concentration is 25 μg/m³, which is 5 times the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 5 μg/m³.
• 34% of the population uses unsafe fuels and technologies for cooking.

Health Impact

• 20% of deaths from stroke and ischaemic heart disease are attributed to air pollution.
• Air pollution is linked to numerous other diseases and adverse health outcomes, though specific data is not provided for all.

Policies

• There are legal standards for PM2.5, but no data is available on their implementation.
• Serbia complies with WHO Air Quality Guidelines, but again, no data is provided to support this claim.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)

Extent of the Problem

• 25% of the population lacks access to safely managed drinking water.
• 82% of the population lacks access to safely managed sanitation services.

Health Impact

• 41% of deaths from diarrhoea are caused by unsafe drinking water, sanitation, and inadequate personal hygiene.

Financial Resources

• Urban areas: Less than 50% of the required financial resources are available for implementing national WASH plans.
• Rural areas: Less than 50% of the required financial resources are available.
• Santana: 50%-75% of the required financial resources are available.

Climate Change

Extent of the Problem

• Percentage of hot days in 2050 under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5): No data available.
• Heat deaths in 2050 compared to the 1961-1990 period under a high emissions scenario: No data available.

Policies

• National health and climate change plan or strategy: No data available.

Chemicals

Extent of the Problem

• International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity score for chemical events: Less than 1 out of 100,000 children under five die from poisonings annually.
• IHR capacity score for chemical events: 100% is not attained.
• Mercury: Serbia is a Party to the Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Policies

• Existence of standards on electromagnetic fields: No data available.
• Existence of regulation on artificial tanning devices/sun beds: No data available.
• Existence of national radon regulations for dwellings: ✔ × (partially attained).

Radiation

Extent of the Problem

• 7 out of 100,000 people die from melanoma and other skin cancers annually.
• 5 out of 100,000 people die from residential radon annually.

Health Impact

• IHR capacity score for radiation emergencies: 60% is not attained.
• 40% not attained for radiation emergency preparedness.

Policies

• Existence of standards on electromagnetic fields: No data available.
• Existence of regulation on artificial tanning devices/sun beds: No data available.
• Existence of national radon regulations for dwellings: ✔ × (partially attained).

Occupational Health

Extent of the Problem

• 17% of total employment is informal employment.
• 6% of the working age population is exposed to long working hours (≥55 hours/week).
• 24 out of 100,000 people of working age die from diseases due to occupational risks.
• 1 out of 100,000 people of working age die from injuries due to occupational risks.

Policies

• Existence of programmes for occupational health and safety of health workers:
  • Occupational safety and health: ✓ × (partially attained)
  • Occupational health services: ✓ × (partially attained)
  • Promotional framework: ✓ × (partially attained)
• Ratification of key international labour conventions:
  • C155: Ratified
  • C161: Ratified
  • C187: Ratified

Key Information and References

• Air pollution data sources: WHO global air quality guidelines (2021), WHO SDG Indicator 11.6.2 (2016), WHO household air pollution data (2019), WHO air pollution data portal (2016), UNEP (2021), WHO Household energy policy repository (continuously updated).
• WASH data sources: WHO, UNICEF (Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2020), WHO water, sanitation and hygiene: burden of disease (2016), WHO GLAAS 2018/2019 cycle.
• Climate change data sources: Honda et al. (2014), WHO: Climate change and country profiles.
• Chemicals data sources: WHO: Average of 13 IHR core capacity scores (2020), WHO: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings (2019), WHO: Legally binding controls for lead paint (2021), WHO: World directory of poison centres (2021), UNEP: Minamata Convention on Mercury (2021).
• Radiation data sources: WHO: Average of 13 IHR core capacity scores (2020), WHO: Deaths from melanoma and other skin cancers (2019), IHME: Deaths from residential radon (2019), WHO: Electromagnetic fields (2018), WHO: Legislation on artificial tanning sunbeds (2021), WHO: National radon regulations (2019).
• Occupational health data sources: WHO/ILO: Disease burden from long working hours (2016), WHO/ILO: Joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury (2016), WHO: Occupational health and safety programmes for health workers (2021), ILO ratifications of C155, C161 and C187 (2021).