2024-06-10-世界银行-关键环节_为能源转型赋予公用事业权力（英）_52页_10mb

The Critical Link: Empowering Utilities for the Energy Transition

Key Insights

1. Global Utility Performance

   • Fewer than 40% of utilities recover both operating and debt service costs, with LICs and LMICs performing significantly worse than UMICs and HICs (only 28% and 55% in higher-income countries).
   • Utilities in LICs and LMICs face high losses (8–15% of power lost), delayed payments, and struggles to access affordable financing.
   • Fossil fuel dependency increases operating expense volatility, while transitioning to renewables may raise capital intensity and expose utilities to new risks.

2. Energy Transition Challenges

   • Decarbonization requires massive investments in transmission and distribution networks, increasing capital intensity and vulnerabilities to shocks like interest rate hikes and demand fluctuations.
   • Integrating variable renewables (VRE) necessitates new grid technologies and demand-response measures, demanding greater technical and managerial capabilities.
   • Distributed energy resources (DERs) create revenue challenges for utilities due to potential customer shifts to direct power generation.

3. Policy and Financial Actions
   <details>
   <summary>👉 Action by Governments 📍</summary>
   Global coordination, transparent regulations, public-private partnerships (PPPs), removal of fossil fuel subsidies, and equitable compensation for cross-subsidies in universal access programs.
   </details>
   <details>
   <summary>👉 Action by Regulators 👉</summary>
   Dynamic tariff mechanisms, performance-based incentives, allowing recovery of transition costs, and mandating two-part tariffs and fair network access fees.
   </details>
   <details>
   <summary>👉 Action by Utilities 🔧</summary>
   Reducing losses, optimizing asset lifecycles, modernizing infrastructure, enhancing operational efficiency, embracing digital tools, and transparent reporting.
   </details>
   <details>
   <summary>👉 Action by Development Finance Institutions 💰</summary>
   Concessional financing (longer tenors, lower rates), risk-sharing instruments, blending with local capital, and capacity building to support reforms and efficiency.
   </details>

4. Database and Methodology

   • The UPBEAT database analyzes ~180 utilities across ~90 countries (2012–2022), revealing persistent performance gaps despite progressive policies.

Conclusion

Well-managed utilities are essential for the energy transition. Concerted efforts from policymakers, regulators, financiers, and utilities—involving supportive policies, innovative financing, and performance improvements—are required to overcome challenges and achieve universal access and decarbonization goals.

```mermaid
flowchart TD
  A[The Critical Link] --> B{Energy Transition & Universal Access}
  B --> C[Government Policies]
  B --> D[Regulatory Frameworks]
  B --> E[Utility Reforms]
  B --> F[Development Finance]