2013年-世界发展银行全球_Tajikistan___Overview_of_Climate_Change_Activities_17页_802kb

Summary of Climate Change Activities in Tajikistan (October 2013)

I. Core Content and Key Information

Tajikistan, a landlocked country in Central Asia with a total area of 143,100 square kilometers, is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its mountainous terrain, limited adaptive capacity, and dependence on climate-sensitive sectors such as energy, agriculture, and water. The country is also the main glacial center in Central Asia, with glaciers covering about 6% of its territory. These glaciers are critical for water regulation and are expected to shrink significantly in the coming decades, with many small glaciers possibly disappearing within 30-40 years if current degradation rates continue.

The country has experienced a rise in mean annual temperature by 0.5–1°C in most districts and high-altitude zones since 1940, with the most significant increases occurring in winter. Rainfall patterns are expected to become more variable, with wetter summers and drier winters, leading to potential increases in both flooding and prolonged droughts. These changes will have significant implications for water availability, agriculture, and overall economic development.

Tajikistan's climate context is characterized by its sensitivity to climate change, with the country ranked highest in the region on the index of vulnerability to climate change. The impacts of climate change are projected to affect key sectors, including water resources, energy, agriculture, and health, by altering precipitation patterns, increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, and reducing the availability of natural resources.

II. National Policy and Institutional Framework

Tajikistan has developed a legal and institutional framework to address climate change, including:

• National Action Plan for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (approved in 2003): This is the only active climate policy and outlines the state's priorities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change.
• First and Second National Communications to the UNFCCC: These documents provide detailed information on climate trends, vulnerability, and impacts in Tajikistan. The Third National Communication is currently under preparation.
• Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR): Launched in 2010, this program aims to enhance climate resilience through investments in water management, energy infrastructure, and land management. It includes two phases: Phase I focused on strengthening institutional capacity and climate science modeling, while Phase II includes pilot projects in key sectors.

The country has several key institutions involved in climate change response, including:

• Committee for Environmental Protection: Oversees environmental protection and climate policy, and coordinates activities across government agencies.
• State Entity for Hydrometeorology (Hydromet): The national institution responsible for climate change issues, including the preparation of national communications and the Climate Change Center.
• Ministry of Energy and Industry: Implements energy policy and is the designated national authority for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol.
• Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources: Manages water policy and irrigation systems, and is involved in the development of the national water strategy.
• Academy of Sciences: Provides scientific research and data on climate-related issues and contributes to the development of long-term action plans.

III. Development Partners' Engagement in Climate-Sensitive Sectors

International development partners have been actively involved in climate change mitigation and adaptation in Tajikistan, particularly in the following sectors:

Energy

• World Bank Group: Supports energy sector development through projects aimed at improving electricity supply, reducing losses, and strengthening financial management. It also conducts studies on power supply options and supports the Rehabilitation of Kayrakum Hydro Power Plant to enhance climate resilience.
• Asian Development Bank (ADB): Invests in upgrading and repairing energy infrastructure, including the Nurek Switchyard Reconstruction and Regional Power Transmission projects. It also supports the Access to Green Finance Project to promote energy-efficient and environment-friendly homes.
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD): Supports the Rehabilitation of Kayrakum Hydro Power Plant as part of PPCR Phase II.

Agriculture

• World Bank Group: Implements the Tajikistan Environmental Land Management and Rural Livelihoods Project, benefiting 21,000 rural households and promoting sustainable land and water management. It also supports the Ferghana Valley Water Resources Management Project to improve irrigation infrastructure.
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): Engages in activities related to irrigation, training, and rural livelihood development.
• U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID): Trains farmers in modern irrigation and water management techniques, and supports land tenure reforms to improve security for both men and women.

Forestry

• World Bank Group: Supports sustainable forest management and climate-resilient practices to reduce the risk of forest fires and pest outbreaks.
• Other Partners: Focus on forest protection zones, anti-hail systems, and promoting sustainable practices.

Water

• World Bank Group: Supports water resource management, including the Ferghana Valley Water Resources Management Project, to improve irrigation and water storage capacity.
• International Organizations: Focus on improving water infrastructure, enhancing water management security, and promoting integrated land, water, and grazing management.

Health

• Development Partners: Address the spread of waterborne diseases and other health risks associated with climate change.

Transport

• Development Partners: Support infrastructure resilience and sustainable transport development.

Disaster Risk Reduction

• National Disaster Risk Management Strategy (approved in 2010): Aims to reduce disaster impacts and integrate risk reduction into development planning. It includes an action plan for 2010–2015.

IV. Main Recommendations and Looking Ahead

The document recommends the following actions to enhance climate resilience in Tajikistan:

• Improve science-based understanding of climate change impacts and vulnerabilities across sectors.
• Estimate the cost of inaction and identify key adaptation actions in water, energy, agriculture, and other sectors.
• Design and implement climate-smart solutions at national and subnational levels, emphasizing regional cooperation.
• Expand the mandate of the PPCR Secretariat to coordinate and implement climate adaptation projects.
• Establish a Regional Central Asian Steering Committee on Climate Change to provide political leadership and support for regional efforts.

V. Conclusion

Tajikistan faces significant climate change challenges, particularly in its mountainous regions and water-dependent sectors. The country has made progress in developing legal and institutional frameworks, but more coordinated and science-based actions are needed to address the growing risks. International development partners play a vital role in supporting climate-resilient development, but gaps remain in the integration of climate considerations across sectors and regions. Strengthening institutional coordination, enhancing scientific understanding, and promoting regional cooperation are key steps toward achieving low-carbon, climate-resilient development in Tajikistan.