2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Poland_Country_Profile_2013_15页_1021kb

报告摘要

Poland Country Profile 2013: Enterprise Survey Summary

Core Content Overview

The Poland Country Profile 2013 provides a comprehensive analysis of the business environment and firm performance in Poland, based on data from the Enterprise Surveys conducted by the World Bank and its partners. The report compares Poland's indicators with those of its regional group (Eastern Europe & Central Asia) and income group (Upper middle income), offering insights into the challenges faced by firms in various aspects of business operations.

Main Topics Covered

1. Business Environment Obstacles

The report identifies the key challenges firms face in conducting business.
Top 10 constraints are benchmarked against regional averages.
Top 3 constraints are further broken down by firm size (large, medium, small).
Key obstacles include corruption, regulations, and bureaucracy.

2. Average Firm

The report provides data on the characteristics of the average firm in Poland.
It includes information on firm age, gender participation in management and ownership, and ownership composition.
Most firms are privately owned, with a small percentage being government or foreign owned.

3. Infrastructure

Infrastructure plays a critical role in firm productivity and competitiveness.
Key indicators include power outages, water shortages, and delays in obtaining infrastructure services.
Delays in electricity and water connections are particularly significant for firms.

4. Trade

Trade activity is a key component of the business environment.
Indicators include export and import activity, time to clear customs, and losses during transport.
A significant portion of firms engage in foreign trade, with foreign inputs being common.

5. Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

Efficient regulations, taxes, and licensing processes are essential for a favorable business environment.
Indicators focus on time spent dealing with regulations, number of tax inspections, and the prevalence of different legal forms.
Closed shareholding companies dominate the private sector, while open shareholding is less common.

6. Corruption

Corruption is a major obstacle to business efficiency and growth.
The Graft Index measures the frequency of informal payments or gifts required for public services.
Firms report bribe expectations for government contracts and construction permits, though import licenses show little to no corruption.

7. Crime and Informality

Crime increases operational costs and reduces trust in legal institutions.
Security costs and losses due to theft and vandalism are significant concerns.
The informal sector is minimal, with over 98% of firms formally registered.

8. Finance

Financial services are vital for firm operations and investment.
Indicators include sources of investment financing, collateral requirements, and access to bank services.
Internal finance is the most common source, followed by bank finance and trade credit.

9. Innovation and Workforce

The use of technology and innovation is a key factor in firm competitiveness.
Indicators include international quality certifications, use of email and websites, and workforce composition.
Female participation in management and ownership is relatively high, though less so in leadership roles.

Key Findings and Highlights

Corruption Indicators

Graft Index: 0.5 (Poland), significantly lower than the regional average of 12.8 and income group average of 7.4.
Gifts to secure government contracts: 18.7% of firms in Poland, lower than the regional average of 23.2.
Gifts to get construction permits: 0.7% in Poland, lower than the regional average of 22.3.

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

Days to obtain an import license: 8.4 in Poland, lower than the regional average of 15.3.
Days to obtain a construction permit: 129.1 in Poland, significantly higher than the regional average of 74.6.
Senior management time spent on regulatory requirements: 19.7%, lower than the regional average of 21.4.
Average number of tax inspections: 0.6, lower than the regional average of 1.4.

Infrastructure Indicators

Power outages per month: 0.2, with minimal impact on sales (0.2%).
Water shortages per month: 0.0 in Poland, lower than the regional average of 0.3.
Delays in obtaining electricity: 65.8 days, higher than the regional average of 42.1.
Delays in obtaining water connections: 40.6 days, slightly lower than the regional average of 30.0.

Trade Indicators

Exporter firms: 25.4% in Poland, lower than the regional average of 54.2.
Use of foreign material inputs: 55.6%, slightly lower than the regional average of 64.2.
Customs clearance time for exports: 4.6 days, lower than the regional average of 4.4.
Customs clearance time for imports: 4.4 days, lower than the regional average of 5.9.
Losses during direct export due to theft: 0.4%, lower than the regional average of 0.2.
Losses due to breakage or spoilage: 0.6%, lower than the regional average of 0.8.

Crime and Informality Indicators

Firms believing court system is fair: 47.3%, slightly higher than the regional average of 40.0.
Security costs as a % of sales: 1.1%, lower than the regional average of 1.2.
Losses due to theft, robbery, etc.: 0.3%, lower than the regional average of 0.3.
Formal registration at start: 98.0%, indicating a low level of informality.

Innovation and Workforce Indicators

Internationally recognized quality certification: 33.1%, lower than the regional average of 23.0.
Use of external auditors: 16.3%, lower than the regional average of 34.8.
Use of websites: 84.1%, indicating strong digital integration.
Use of email for communication: 90.6%, showing widespread adoption of ICT.
Average number of temporary workers: 1.2, lower than the regional average of 2.7.
Average number of permanent workers: 44.1, lower than the regional average of 30.1.
% of full-time female workers: 38.8%, close to the regional average of 38.9.

Conclusion

The Enterprise Surveys highlight that Poland has a relatively favorable business environment compared to its regional peers, particularly in terms of corruption and regulatory efficiency. However, infrastructure delays, especially in obtaining construction permits, and trade-related challenges remain notable obstacles. The private sector is well-established, with a high proportion of firms being formally registered and domestically owned. Female participation in both ownership and workforce is significant, though less pronounced in leadership roles. Access to financial services is generally good, with internal finance being the primary source of investment. The use of technology is widespread, indicating a competitive edge for Polish firms in the global market.