2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Kazakhstan_Country_Profile_2013_15页_1mb

Kazakhstan Country Profile 2013 Summary

Core Content

The Kazakhstan Country Profile 2013 is a report by the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) that provides an overview of the business environment in Kazakhstan based on the Enterprise Surveys. These surveys are conducted across all geographic regions and cover small, medium, and large firms in the non-agricultural formal private economy. The report compares Kazakhstan's indicators with those of the Eastern Europe & Central Asia region and the Upper middle income group.

Main Topics Covered

• Business Environment Obstacles
• Average Firm Characteristics
• Infrastructure
• Trade
• Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing
• Corruption
• Crime and Informality
• Finance
• Innovation and Workforce

Key Findings and Indicators

Business Environment Obstacles

• Firms in Kazakhstan identify corruption, regulatory inefficiencies, and complex business licensing procedures as major obstacles.
• The Graft Index shows that 22.6% of firms in Kazakhstan were expected or asked to pay a bribe when applying for public services, which is higher than the regional average (13.3%) and upper middle income group (7.5%).
• 24.7% of firms expect to give gifts during meetings with tax inspectors, which is higher than the regional average (56.2%) and upper middle income group (10.7%).

Average Firm Characteristics

• The average age of firms in Kazakhstan is 10.6 years, slightly below the regional average of 13.4 years and the upper middle income group of 17.2 years.
• 18.8% of firms have a female top manager, with small firms having the highest proportion.
• 28.3% of firms have female participation in ownership, with medium firms showing the highest rate.
• 96.5% of firms are privately owned, with foreign private firms making up 2.5% of the total.

Infrastructure

• Power outages occur 0.5 times per month, with 0.4% of sales lost due to these outages.
• Water shortages are 0.1 times per month, with 1.6 hours of average shortage duration.
• Delays in obtaining electrical connections are 33.5 days, water connections are 29.8 days, and telephone connections are not available in some cases.
• These delays increase operational costs and may act as barriers to entry and investment.

Trade

• 5.2% of firms in Kazakhstan are exporters, which is below the regional average (16.3%) and upper middle income group (19.1%).
• 64.0% of firms use foreign material inputs.
• The average time to clear direct exports through customs is 7.2 days, and imports take 11.2 days.
• 0.2% of sales are lost during exports due to theft and breakage/spoilage.

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• The time to obtain an import license is 22.3 days, construction-related permit is 60.9 days, and operating license is 41.0 days.
• Senior management spends 5.6% of their time dealing with government regulatory requirements.
• The average number of visits to tax officials is 0.9.
• Closed shareholding companies dominate, with 87.3% of firms in Kazakhstan.

Corruption

• 22.6% of firms in Kazakhstan reported being asked or expected to pay a bribe, which is higher than the regional average (27.7%) and upper middle income group (7.5%).
• 28.4% of firms expect to give gifts to obtain an import license, and 28.8% to obtain a construction permit.
• 16.7% of firms expect to give gifts to get an operating license.

Crime and Informality

• 39.7% of firms believe the court system is fair, impartial, and uncorrupted.
• 2.0% of sales are spent on security costs.
• 0.4% of sales are lost due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson.
• 97.5% of firms are formally registered when they started operations, indicating a relatively low level of informality.

Finance

• 83.1% of firms use internal finance for investment, 9.0% use bank finance, and 3.1% use trade credit.
• 18.9% of firms use external financing for working capital.
• The value of collateral needed for a loan is 198.0% of the loan amount, which is higher than the regional average (187.3%) and upper middle income group (186.7%).
• 19.4% of firms have bank loans or lines of credit, and 91.8% have checking or savings accounts.

Innovation and Workforce

• 16.2% of firms have internationally recognized quality certification.
• 13.2% of firms have their annual financial statements reviewed by an external auditor.
• 45.6% of firms use their own websites, and 87.8% use email for communication with clients and suppliers.
• 35.9% of firms have full-time female workers, with small firms having the highest proportion.
• The average number of temporary workers is 1.4, and permanent, full-time workers is 34.0.

Summary of Key Indicators

Notes

• The sample is stratified by industry, firm size, and geographic region.
• Regional and income group indicators are based on the average of country-level indicators in the respective region and income group.
• Graft Index is defined as the proportion of times firms were expected or asked to pay a bribe for six different public services.
• Sampling strategy and further details can be found at www-enterprisesurveys.org.