2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Kosovo_Republic_of_Country_Profile_2013_15页_1mb

报告摘要

Kosovo, Republic of Country Profile Summary (2013)

Core Content Overview

The Kosovo, Republic of Country Profile (2013) is part of the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys, which aim to evaluate the business environment and firm performance across various sectors. The surveys focus on the non-agricultural formal private economy, collecting data on infrastructure, trade, regulations, taxes, business licensing, corruption, crime, informality, finance, innovation, and workforce characteristics. The findings are benchmarked against the Eastern Europe & Central Asia (ECA) region and low-income countries.

Key Business Environment Indicators

Corruption Indicators

Incidence of Graft Index: 5.7 (Kosovo), 13.3 (ECA), 23.9 (Low Income)
Gifts to Tax Inspectors: 2.8% (Kosovo), 10.7% (ECA), 22.3% (Low Income)
Gifts to Secure Government Contract: 27.1% (Kosovo), 24.4% (ECA), 36.0% (Low Income)
Gifts for Construction Permit: 14.4% (Kosovo), 23.4% (ECA), 32.2% (Low Income)
Gifts for Import License: 0.0% (Kosovo), 10.5% (ECA), 21.9% (Low Income)
Gifts for Operating License: 2.2% (Kosovo), 10.6% (ECA), 26.0% (Low Income)

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

Days to Obtain Import License: 9.5 (Kosovo), 15.4 (ECA), 17.2 (Low Income)
Days to Obtain Construction Permit: 151.3 (Kosovo), 83.2 (ECA), 60.0 (Low Income)
Days to Obtain Operating License: 12.0 (Kosovo), 24.0 (ECA), 20.8 (Low Income)
Senior Management Time Spent on Regulatory Compliance: 13.7% (Kosovo), 23.0% (ECA), 9.0% (Low Income)
Average Number of Tax Official Meetings: 2.5 (Kosovo), 1.4 (ECA), 2.4 (Low Income)
Legal Forms of Firms:
- Closed Shareholding Company: 54.7% (Kosovo), 72.8% (ECA), 17.3% (Low Income)
- Sole Proprietorship: 40.6% (Kosovo), 14.3% (ECA), 56.3% (Low Income)
- Partnership: 3.7% (Kosovo), 2.8% (ECA), 9.3% (Low Income)
- Limited Partnership: 0.3% (Kosovo), 3.9% (ECA), 11.6% (Low Income)
- Other: 0.0% (Kosovo), 1.5% (ECA), 2.0% (Low Income)

Average Firm Characteristics

Age of Firms (years): 12.5 (Kosovo), 13.4 (ECA), 13.7 (Low Income)
Female Top Manager: 9.5% (Kosovo), 21.1% (ECA), 15.4% (Low Income)
Female Ownership Participation: 14.0% (Kosovo), 32.4% (ECA), 33.2% (Low Income)
Ownership Composition:
- Private Domestic: 99.1% (Kosovo), 92.8% (ECA), 87.5% (Low Income)
- Private Foreign: 0.4% (Kosovo), 5.8% (ECA), 9.9% (Low Income)
- Government/State: 0.0% (Kosovo), 0.5% (ECA), 0.5% (Low Income)
- Other: 0.5% (Kosovo), 0.9% (ECA), 2.1% (Low Income)

Infrastructure Indicators

Number of Power Outages per Month: 11.4 (Kosovo), 1.4 (ECA)
Value Lost Due to Power Outages (% of Sales): 7.3 (Kosovo), 0.9 (ECA)
Water Shortages per Month: 2.1 (Kosovo), 0.3 (ECA)
Average Water Shortage Duration (hours): 1.2 (Kosovo), 0.6 (ECA)
Delay in Obtaining Electrical Connection: 66.7 (Kosovo), 43.8 (ECA)
Delay in Obtaining Water Connection: 31.0 (Kosovo), 33.2 (ECA)
Delay in Obtaining Mainline Telephone Connection: N/A (Kosovo), 27.6 (ECA)

Trade Indicators

Exporter Firms: 24.9% (Kosovo), 22.8% (ECA)
Use of Foreign Inputs/Supplies: 84.7% (Kosovo), 64.8% (ECA)
Average Time to Clear Direct Exports Through Customs (days): 1.4 (Kosovo), 4.4 (ECA)
Average Time to Clear Imports Through Customs (days): 2.3 (Kosovo), 6.1 (ECA)
Losses During Direct Export Due to Theft (%): 0.1 (Kosovo), 0.2 (ECA)
Losses During Direct Export Due to Breakage or Spoilage (%): 3.2 (Kosovo), 0.8 (ECA)

Crime and Informality Indicators

Firms Believing Court System is Fair, Impartial, and Uncorrupted: 32.5% (Kosovo), 38.1% (ECA)
Security Costs (% of Sales): 2.6% (Kosovo), 1.3% (ECA)
Losses Due to Theft, Robbery, Vandalism, and Arson (% of Sales): 0.6% (Kosovo), 0.4% (ECA)
Formally Registered at Start of Operations: 98.4% (Kosovo), 98.4% (ECA)

Finance Indicators

Internal Finance for Investment (%): 72.2% (Kosovo), 71.2% (ECA), 80.4% (Low Income)
Bank Finance for Investment (%): 17.0% (Kosovo), 14.8% (ECA), 7.8% (Low Income)
Trade Credit for Investment (%): 0.1% (Kosovo), 4.6% (ECA), 3.3% (Low Income)
Equity, Sale of Stock for Investment (%): 9.3% (Kosovo), 5.8% (ECA), 4.6% (Low Income)
Other Financing for Investment (%): 1.3% (Kosovo), 3.6% (ECA), 3.9% (Low Income)
Working Capital External Financing (%): 23.1% (Kosovo), 24.5% (ECA), 19.9% (Low Income)
Value of Collateral Needed for Loan (% of Loan Amount): 277.4% (Kosovo), 187.3% (ECA)
% of Firms with Bank Loans/Line of Credit: 65.7% (Kosovo), 39.1% (ECA), 23.3% (Low Income)
% of Firms with Checking or Savings Account: 97.3% (Kosovo), 88.6% (ECA), 83.0% (Low Income)

Innovation and Workforce Indicators

Internationally Recognized Quality Certification: 31.3% (Kosovo), 22.6% (ECA)
Annual Financial Statement Reviewed by External Auditor: 26.1% (Kosovo), 34.9% (ECA)
Firms Using Own Website: 67.5% (Kosovo), 59.8% (ECA)
Firms Using Email to Communicate with Clients/Suppliers: 83.2% (Kosovo), 85.8% (ECA)
Average Number of Temporary Workers: 4.4 (Kosovo), 3.0 (ECA)
Average Number of Permanent, Full-Time Workers: 25.4 (Kosovo), 29.6 (ECA)
% of Full-Time Female Workers: 21.8% (Kosovo), 39.5% (ECA)

Main Findings and Key Points

Corruption is a major obstacle in Kosovo, with a high incidence of informal payments and bribes, especially for government contracts and construction permits.
Regulatory and licensing processes are time-consuming and costly, particularly for construction permits.
Infrastructure in Kosovo is underdeveloped, with frequent power outages and water shortages affecting firm operations and sales.
Trade is active, with most firms using foreign inputs, but customs delays and export losses due to theft and spoilage remain significant.
Finance is largely dependent on internal sources, with limited access to bank financing and high collateral requirements.
Innovation and digital adoption are relatively low, with only a third of firms having international quality certifications and most using email for communication.
Workforce composition shows a high reliance on permanent workers and relatively low female participation in top management and ownership.

Conclusion

The Enterprise Surveys highlight that Kosovo's business environment is constrained by corruption, inefficient regulations, and inadequate infrastructure, which negatively affect firm productivity and growth. While finance and trade are somewhat active, the high reliance on internal financing and the significant time and cost burdens in obtaining licenses and permits suggest a need for institutional reforms. The informal sector is minimal, but security costs and legal challenges persist, influencing firm behavior and investment decisions. Overall, the data underscores the importance of improving governance, infrastructure, and access to formal financial services to enhance the business climate in Kosovo.

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