2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Tajikistan_Country_Profile_2013_15页_1mb

Tajikistan Country Profile 2013: Enterprise Survey Summary

Core Content Overview

The Tajikistan Country Profile 2013 provides a comprehensive analysis of the business environment and key economic indicators based on the Enterprise Surveys conducted by the World Bank and its partner IFC. These surveys assess the challenges faced by firms in the non-agricultural formal private economy, focusing on areas such as corruption, regulations, infrastructure, trade, finance, innovation, and workforce characteristics. The data is benchmarked against the Eastern Europe & Central Asia region and the low-income income group, allowing for comparative insights.

Main Topics and Key Indicators

1. Business Environment Obstacles

• Top Constraints: Firms in Tajikistan face significant challenges, including corruption, inefficiencies in regulations, and difficulties in obtaining licenses and permits.
• Benchmarking: Tajikistan's business environment lags behind regional and income group averages in several areas, particularly in corruption and regulatory efficiency.

2. Average Firm Characteristics

• Firm Age: The average firm in Tajikistan is 11 years old, with small firms being younger (7.9 years) and large firms older (18.7 years).
• Gender Participation:
  • Female Top Managers: 9.7% of firms have female top managers.
  • Female Ownership: 32.7% of firms have female participation in ownership.
• Ownership Structure:
  • Private Domestic: 93.7% of firms are privately owned domestically.
  • Private Foreign: 3.5% of firms are owned by foreign entities.
  • Government/State: 1.7% of firms are government-owned.

3. Infrastructure

• Electricity:
  • Power Outages: 6.2 per month.
  • Value Lost Due to Outages: 4.5% of sales.
  • Delay in Obtaining Electrical Connection: 19.3 days.
• Water Supply:
  • Water Shortages: 0.5 per month.
  • Average Duration of Shortage: 0.7 hours.
  • Delay in Obtaining Water Connection: 13.6 days.
• Telephone Connections:
  • Delay in Obtaining Mainline Telephone Connection: N/A (not available for Tajikistan).
  • Regional Average: 27.6 days.

4. Trade

• Exporter Firms: 15.7% of firms export directly or indirectly.
• Use of Foreign Inputs: 50.6% of firms use foreign material inputs or supplies.
• Customs Efficiency:
  • Average Time to Clear Direct Exports: 6.8 days.
  • Average Time to Clear Imports: 8.8 days.
• Transport Risks:
  • Losses During Direct Export Due to Theft: 0.1%.
  • Losses During Direct Export Due to Breakage or Spoilage: 0.1%.

5. Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• Corruption:
  • Graft Index: 25.8% of firms were asked or expected to pay a bribe.
  • Gifts to Tax Inspectors: 32.3%.
  • Gifts to Secure Government Contracts: 33.9%.
  • Gifts to Get Construction Permit: 26.7%.
  • Gifts to Get Import License: 9.3%.
  • Gifts to Get Operating License: 29.2%.
• Regulatory Burden:
  • Days to Obtain Import License: 15.7 days.
  • Days to Obtain Construction Permit: 38.9 days.
  • Days to Obtain Operating License: 16.2 days.
  • Senior Management Time on Regulation: 22.2%.
  • Average Number of Tax Meetings: 2.4 times per year.
• Legal Forms:
  • Open Shareholding Company: 10.6%.
  • Closed Shareholding Company: 43.6%.
  • Sole Proprietorship: 10.8%.
  • Partnership: 1.0%.
  • Limited Partnership: 34.0%.
  • Other Forms: 0.0%.

6. Corruption

• Graft Index: Reflects the proportion of times firms are asked to pay informal payments for public services.
• Corruption in Tax and Contracts:
  • Gifts to Tax Inspectors: 32.3%.
  • Gifts for Government Contracts: 33.9%.
  • Gifts for Construction Permit: 26.7%.
  • Gifts for Import License: 9.3%.
  • Gifts for Operating License: 29.2%.

7. Crime and Informality

• Court Fairness Perception: 40.4% of firms believe the court system is fair, impartial, and uncorrupted.
• Security Costs: 4.2% of sales are spent on security.
• Losses from Crime: 0.5% of sales are lost due to theft, robbery, vandalism, and arson.
• Formal Registration:
  • Formally Registered at Start: 96.4% of firms are formally registered when they start operations.

8. Finance

• Internal Finance for Investment: 73.9%.
• Bank Finance for Investment: 5.1%.
• Trade Credit for Investment: 1.9%.
• Equity/Stock Sale for Investment: 14.0%.
• Other Financing for Investment: 5.0%.
• Working Capital External Financing: 17.6%.
• Collateral Requirements: 165.7% of the loan amount.
• Bank Loans/Line of Credit: 14.6% of firms have access to these.
• Checking/Savings Accounts: 74.8% of firms have such accounts.

9. Innovation and Workforce

• Quality Certifications: 17.0% of firms have internationally recognized quality certifications.
• External Audits: 46.4% of firms have their annual financial statements reviewed by external auditors.
• Website Use: 36.7% of firms use their own websites.
• Email Use: 56.8% of firms use email for communication with clients and suppliers.
• Workforce Composition:
  • Average Temporary Workers: 10.2.
  • Average Permanent Workers: 27.6.
  • Full-Time Female Workers: 33.4% of the workforce.

Key Takeaways

• Tajikistan's business environment is less favorable compared to regional and income group averages, particularly in terms of corruption, regulatory inefficiencies, and infrastructure shortcomings.
• Small firms face higher burdens in terms of corruption, regulatory delays, and formal registration.
• Large firms are more likely to have formal ownership structures and access to external financing.
• Infrastructure deficiencies significantly impact firm operations, with electricity and water being major concerns.
• Trade is limited in Tajikistan, with relatively low export activity and high customs clearance times.
• Finance remains a challenge, with internal financing dominating and external access being limited.
• Innovation and digital adoption are low, suggesting a need for improved technological integration and support.
• Gender participation is relatively high in ownership and workforce, but leadership roles are still limited.

Conclusion

The Enterprise Surveys highlight the challenges faced by businesses in Tajikistan, emphasizing the need for reforms in corruption, regulations, infrastructure, and financial systems to improve the business environment and firm productivity. The data also shows differences in challenges across firm sizes, with small firms being more affected by informal practices and large firms benefiting from more efficient systems. Overall, the business environment in Tajikistan is constrained, and improvements are necessary to foster sustainable economic growth.