世界银行-在科索沃绿色过渡期间支持人民和保护工人（英）-2025_32页_1mb

Executive Summary
Kosovo is advancing its green transition in line with EU commitments, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase renewables by 2050. This transition is expected to displace 4% of jobs directly and affect 17% through significant task changes, with a high skill gap for transition to safe or green occupations. Vulnerable groups, including low-educated workers, women, and youth, face amplified risks. The existing social protection and labor (SPL) system is inadequate due to limited resources (e.g., EARK's funding below OECD averages), insufficient training coverage, and absence of unemployment insurance, despite reforms. Recommendations include strengthening employment services, enhancing vocational training relevance to market needs, introducing an unemployment insurance scheme, and deepening social assistance reforms for better targeting.

Key Findings

• Green transition risks: 4% of jobs at direct risk of displacement, with 17% facing significant task changes requiring reskilling and upskilling. Low-educated workers and women have larger skill gaps, increasing their vulnerability.
• Labor market conditions: High unemployment rates (double-digit) and low productivity persist, with youth (NEET rate 33%) and women facing barriers.
• Social protection gaps: EARK has a high caseload-to-counselor ratio (1:367), limited employer engagement, and vocational training not aligning with market demands, resulting in low employment outcomes.

Recommendations

• Short-term: Invest in EARK's ongoing reforms to improve employment services and link with non-public providers. Expand active labor market programs (ALMPs), such as wage subsidies for green jobs, and strengthen labor market information systems.
• Medium-term: Establish a labor market observatory for better data and analysis; engage employers and private sector in training programs; and accelerate reforms for unemployment insurance and social assistance for broader coverage.