可再生能源效益_利用当地太阳能光伏发电能力（英文版）_30页_7mb

Summary of "RENEWABLE ENERGY BENEFITS: LEVERAGING LOCAL CAPACITY FOR SOLAR PV"

Core Content

This report by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) focuses on the socio-economic benefits of solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment, particularly in terms of job creation and local value generation. It provides a detailed analysis of the human resources, skills, materials, and equipment required at each stage of the solar PV value chain, aiming to support policymakers in making informed decisions about domestic solar PV development.

Main Points

1. Socio-Economic Benefits of Solar PV

• Solar PV deployment has been a major driver of economic growth and job creation over the past two decades.
• In 2016, the solar PV sector employed 3.1 million people, with significant contributions from China, the U.S., India, Bangladesh, and Japan.
• IRENA estimates that by 2050, the solar sector (including solar water heaters) could support around 9 million jobs globally.
• The report highlights that job creation is not limited to manufacturing but spans across the entire value chain, including project planning, installation, operation, and decommissioning.

2. Economic Impact and Investment

• Accelerated deployment of renewable energy, including solar PV, could increase global GDP by 0.8% by 2050.
• The solar PV sector is expected to require USD 3,630 billion in cumulative investments by 2030 and USD 6,610 billion by 2050.
• The balance of system (BOS) costs dominate the total cost of a solar PV project, accounting for about 60% of the total in 2015, while modules and inverters account for 30% and 10%, respectively.
• Soft costs, such as financing, permitting, and design, also play a significant role in overall project expenses.

3. Value Chain Segments and Labour Requirements

The report outlines the seven core segments of the solar PV value chain:

1. Project Planning
2. Procurement
3. Manufacturing
4. Transport
5. Installation and Grid Connection
6. Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
7. Decommissioning

• A 50 MW solar PV plant requires 229,055 person-days of total labour, with O&M representing 56% of the total.
• Project planning accounts for 59% of the total person-days, with the majority (1,250 person-days) dedicated to project development.
• Manufacturing is the second-largest segment in terms of human resources, requiring 50,225 person-days, with solar cells accounting for 49%, followed by modules (21%), inverters (17%), and trackers and structures (14%).

4. Key Materials and Equipment

• Silicon-based solar PV technology dominates the market with a 92% share, requiring significant quantities of glass, steel, aluminium, and concrete.
• Modules require approximately 70 tonnes of glass, 56 tonnes of steel, 19 tonnes of aluminium, and 47 tonnes of concrete for 1 MW of capacity.
• Balance of system costs vary significantly across countries, as illustrated in Figure 3.

5. Importance of Local Capacity

• Local manufacturing and procurement can enhance value creation and economic resilience.
• Legal, regulatory, and taxation experts are crucial for project planning and represent 17% of the total person-days.
• Engineers, environmental experts, and health and safety professionals are also key to the development process.
• Non-technical roles such as marketing, logistics, and administration are essential but require fewer person-days.

6. Challenges and Opportunities

• Global overcapacity and price declines since 2010 have affected the solar PV market, with China becoming the leading manufacturer.
• Trade policies, such as import duties by the U.S. and EU, have influenced the relocation of manufacturing to countries like India, Malaysia, and Thailand.
• Domestic content requirements and local incentives can support the growth of local industries and job creation.

7. Recommendations

• Policymakers should focus on developing local industries and education/training programs to meet the growing demand for skilled workers.
• Leveraging existing industries can help reduce costs and increase efficiency in the solar PV value chain.
• Investment in domestic manufacturing can create long-term economic benefits, including job creation, income generation, and technological advancement.

Key Information

• IRENA is the principal international platform for renewable energy cooperation and knowledge.
• The report is based on surveys, interviews, and desktop research involving 46 stakeholders, including companies, associations, and institutions.
• It covers global markets, including Canada, Chile, China, the EU, and the U.S.
• Figure 1 illustrates the projected growth in cumulative capacity, investments, and employment in the solar PV sector up to 2050.
• Table 1 and Table 2 provide detailed breakdowns of human resources and activities in project planning and manufacturing, respectively.

Conclusion

The report underscores the potential for local value creation in the solar PV sector and highlights the importance of a skilled workforce and domestic manufacturing in achieving sustainable energy goals. It serves as a comprehensive guide for policymakers to understand the human and material requirements and strategic opportunities for developing a domestic solar PV industry.