可再生能源效益：利用当地太阳能光伏发电能力（英文版）_32页-7mb

Summary of "Renewable Energy Benefits: Leveraging Local Capacity for Solar PV"

Core Content

This report, published by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in 2017, examines the socio-economic benefits of solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment, focusing on job creation and local value generation. It outlines the requirements for developing a solar PV industry, including human resources, materials, and equipment needed across the value chain, and provides insights for policymakers aiming to support domestic solar PV development.

Main Points

1. Value Creation in the Solar PV Sector

• Job Creation: The solar PV sector employed 3.1 million people globally in 2016, with China being the largest employer. By 2050, IRENA estimates the sector could support around 9 million jobs.
• Economic Impact: Solar PV deployment is projected to increase global GDP by 0.8% in 2050 and support 26 million jobs in the renewable energy sector.
• GVA and Employment: In 2020, the solar industry in Europe was expected to generate nearly EUR 6.67 billion in gross value added (GVA) and employ over 136,000 people.
• Global Trends: Employment in the solar PV sector is shifting towards Asian countries due to rising deployment and manufacturing activities, with China, India, and the U.S. leading in growth.

2. Cost Breakdown of a PV Project

• Total Cost Categories: The cost of a utility-scale solar PV system is divided into three main parts: modules (30%), inverters (10%), and balance of system (BOS) costs (60%).
• BOS Costs: These include cabling, racking, safety, grid connection, and monitoring systems. They vary significantly across countries.
• Soft Costs: These encompass financing, permitting, and design, and constitute a major part of the total cost in many countries.

3. Requirements for Solar PV Development

The report identifies seven core segments of the solar PV value chain and outlines the human resources, materials, and equipment required for each:

1. Project Planning
2. Procurement
3. Manufacturing
4. Transport
5. Installation and Grid Connection
6. Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
7. Decommissioning

3.1 Project Planning

• Requires 2,120 person-days of labor.
• Key Activities: Site selection, feasibility studies, engineering design, and project development.
• Labor Distribution:
  • Project development: 59% (1,250 person-days)
  • Site selection: 17% (360 person-days)
  • Feasibility analyses: 12% (250 person-days)
  • Engineering design: 12% (260 person-days)
• Person-days by Occupation:
  • Legal, energy regulation, real estate, and taxation experts: 825
  • Financial analysts: 530
  • Engineers (electrical, civil, mechanical): 385
  • Logistic experts: 250
  • Environmental experts: 90
  • Health and safety experts: 40

3.2 Manufacturing and Procurement

• Manufacturing the main components of a 50 MW solar PV plant requires 50,225 person-days.
• Component Breakdown:
  • Solar cells: 49% (24,500 person-days)
  • Solar modules: 21% (10,535 person-days)
  • Inverters: 17% (8,400 person-days)
  • Solar trackers and structures: 14% (6,970 person-days)
• Labor Types:
  • Factory workers and technicians: 64% (31,920 person-days)
  • Industrial engineers: 10% (5,180 person-days)
  • Administrative personnel: 5% (2,450 person-days)
  • Marketing and sales: 4% (2,310 person-days)
  • Logistic and quality control experts: 3% (2,030 person-days)
  • Health and safety and regulation experts: 3% (1,855 person-days)
  • Chemical engineers: 1% (770 person-days)

Key Information

• The report draws on data from 46 stakeholders, including industry experts, leading companies, and government bodies.
• It provides a detailed analysis of the labor, skills, and materials required across the solar PV value chain.
• IRENA emphasizes the importance of leveraging existing industries and developing local capacity to maximize socio-economic benefits.
• The study is part of IRENA's ongoing efforts to assess the economic and social impacts of renewable energy deployment, with a focus on solar PV.
• The shift in manufacturing from Europe to Asia is influenced by trade policies, cost reductions, and global market dynamics.
• The report also highlights the potential for local employment and the need for education and training policies to develop necessary skills.

Conclusion

IRENA recommends that policymakers should consider the full range of human resources and skills required across the solar PV value chain to support domestic industry development. By understanding these requirements, countries can better assess the feasibility of local production and service delivery, thereby enhancing local value creation and economic resilience.