可再生能源效益：利用当地风力发电能力（英文版）_64页-7mb

Summary of "Renewable Energy Benefits: Leveraging Local Capacity for Onshore Wind"

Core Content

This report by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) explores the socio-economic benefits of onshore wind energy deployment and emphasizes the importance of leveraging local capacity to maximize value creation. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the value chain for onshore wind projects, detailing the activities, skills, materials, and equipment required at each stage. The study also includes case studies from Denmark and Morocco, highlighting how these countries have developed their local wind industries and the potential for other nations to follow similar strategies.

Main Points

1. Socio-Economic Benefits of Onshore Wind

• Onshore wind energy has become a significant driver of economic growth, job creation, and income generation.
• IRENA estimates that the wind energy sector employed 1.2 million people globally in 2016, with over 3.8 million projected by 2050.
• The global installed capacity of onshore wind has increased from 17 GW in 2007 to 450 GW in 2016, showing a strong growth trajectory.
• Achieving the energy transition in G20 countries is expected to require USD 3.3 trillion in cumulative investments by 2030 and USD 6.3 trillion by 2050.
• The decreasing cost of onshore wind, driven by economies of scale, technological advancements, and increased competition, is expected to continue, with a 12% decline in installed costs by 2025 compared to 2015.

2. Value Chain Breakdown

The report breaks down the onshore wind value chain into the following core segments:

• Project planning
• Procurement
• Manufacturing
• Transport
• Installation and grid connection
• Operation and maintenance (O&M)
• Decommissioning

Each segment is analyzed in terms of the human resources required, the materials and equipment needed, and the potential for local value creation.

3. Key Components of a Wind Farm

• Nacelle: Contains approximately 8,000 subcomponents, made of fiberglass, and connects to the rotor.
• Rotor and blades: Composed of three blades, a hub, and a pitch mechanism to optimize wind harnessing.
• Tower: Typically made of steel or concrete, allowing access to stronger winds.
• Additional components include transformers, substation equipment, cables, inverters, and control systems.

4. Cost Breakdown

• The total installed cost of a wind project includes:
  • Turbines: Accounting for 64% to 84% of the total cost.
  • Civil works: 8% to 17% of the total cost.
  • Grid connection: 8% to 11% of the total cost.
  • Project planning: 9% to 11% of the total cost.
• The cost of turbines is influenced by global commodity prices (e.g., copper, steel) and economic cycles.

5. Labour and Skills Requirements

• The report emphasizes the importance of understanding person-days and skill requirements at each stage of the value chain.
• For example, project planning requires expertise in environmental impact assessments, site selection, and feasibility studies.
• Manufacturing involves specialized skills in nacelle, blade, and tower production.
• Installation and grid connection requires construction and technical expertise.
• Operation and maintenance involves ongoing technical and commercial oversight.
• Decommissioning includes dismantling, recycling, and site restoration.

6. Materials and Equipment

• A 50 MW wind farm requires significant quantities of materials, including steel, concrete, copper, and fiberglass.
• The manufacturing of components (nacelle, blades, tower, and control systems) is a major contributor to value creation.
• The availability of local materials and industries is critical in determining the feasibility of local manufacturing.

7. Case Studies

• Denmark: A leader in wind energy, with a well-established domestic industry and strong policy support.
• Morocco: Has made progress in developing its wind industry, leveraging local resources and partnerships, and creating jobs in various segments of the value chain.

8. Recommendations

• Policymakers should focus on localizing key segments of the wind value chain to maximize domestic value creation.
• The report suggests that existing industries (e.g., steel, aeronautics) can be leveraged to support the development of a local wind industry.
• Private sector engagement is crucial for attracting investment and ensuring sustainable growth.
• Policy frameworks, grid access regulations, and technical support are necessary to facilitate the development of a domestic wind industry.

Key Information

• IRENA is an intergovernmental organization that supports the transition to a sustainable energy future.
• The report was developed with input from 49 stakeholders, including experts, companies, and institutions in the wind industry.
• The scope of the study is global, covering Brazil, China, the EU, India, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States.
• The data was gathered through surveys, interviews, and desktop research, including public reports, technical specifications, and price lists.

Conclusion

This report provides a detailed analysis of the opportunities for local value creation in the onshore wind sector. It outlines the core activities in the value chain, the labour and skills required, and the materials and equipment necessary for each phase. By understanding these elements, policymakers can make informed decisions to support the development of a domestic wind industry, enhance economic growth, and create employment. The case studies from Denmark and Morocco serve as examples of successful local capacity building in the wind sector.