东盟能源数据-收集碳：探索BECCS作为东盟的气候解决方案（英）-2025.3

Summary

Introduction

Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) presents a pivotal pathway toward achieving climate targets, offering dual benefits of renewable energy generation and carbon dioxide removal. ASEAN countries, with their abundant biomass resources (e.g., agricultural residues, forestry by-products, and energy crops), possess significant potential for implementing BECCS. According to the 8th ASEAN Energy Outlook (AEO8), Southeast Asia could develop up to 55.34 GW of bioenergy capacity by 2030 and potentially exceed 100 GW under a carbon-neutral scenario by 2050, primarily contributed by Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam.

Key Findings

1. Technical Foundations and Global Context

• BECCS combines bioenergy production with carbon capture and storage, enabling carbon-neutral energy while actively removing CO₂ from the atmosphere.
• Globally, BECCS is emerging as a critical negative emission technology, with limited large-scale implementation. The U.S., Europe, and Japan are leading in BECCS research and deployment.

2. ASEAN’s Potential

• ASEAN has substantial biomass resources, estimated at over 500 million tonnes annually, which can support BECCS.
• Countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Viet Nam are major contributors due to their strong agricultural sectors and biomass potential.
• BECCS can leverage existing infrastructure (e.g., coal-fired power plants) for retrofitting, contributing to carbon negativity and supporting the region’s transition to a low-carbon economy.

3. Opportunities

• Addressing climate change while balancing economic growth and energy security.
• Diversifying energy sources and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

Challenges

1. Land and Resource Competition

• Large-scale BECCS requires vast land, potentially conflicting with food production, biodiversity conservation, and economic uses.
• Biomass supply sustainability is threatened by competition with agricultural and industrial needs.

2. Technological and Economic Barriers

• High costs and limited scalability of BECCS, exacerbated by the need for carbon storage infrastructure.
• Inadequate technical expertise and regulatory frameworks in many ASEAN countries.

3. Environmental and Social Concerns

• Potential for additional emissions along biomass supply chains, such as transportation and processing.
• Water and fertilizer demands could strain regional resources and ecosystems.

4. Infrastructural Gaps

• Absence of robust CO₂ transportation and storage networks, particularly in island nations and underdeveloped economies.

Policy Recommendations

1. Prioritize Sustainable Biomass

   • Develop integrated land-use plans to balance agricultural, biodiversity, and biomass production needs.
   • Promote sustainable biomass practices and lifecycle assessments to minimize emissions and resource competition.

2. Enhance Technological and Economic Feasibility

   • Foster public-private partnerships and provide financial incentives (e.g., tax breaks, carbon pricing).
   • Invest in research and development tailored to ASEAN’s unique conditions, focusing on local feedstocks and technologies.

3. Address Environmental and Social Trade-offs

   • Conduct comprehensive environmental impact assessments to mitigate land-use changes and resource depletion.
   • Engage local communities in decision-making to address social equity and ensure inclusive growth.

4. Strengthen Infrastructure and Logistics

   • Develop regional CO₂ transport networks and identify storage sites near emission sources.
   • Improve biomass preprocessing and transportation infrastructure to handle large volumes efficiently.

Conclusion

While BECCS offers significant potential for ASEAN’s climate transition, its successful deployment requires addressing challenges related to sustainability, economics, and infrastructure. Policy coordination, regional collaboration, and sustained investment will be critical to leverage Thailand, Indonesia, and other countries’ strengths for impactful carbon management and renewable energy generation.