2021-12-15-世界卫生组织-Tobacco_Guatemala_2021_country_profile_10页_361kb

• Guatemala is a middle-income country that ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2005, six years after signing it in 2003. This demonstrates a commitment to tobacco control efforts aligned with international standards.
• Key MPOWER measures (Monitor, Protect/Smoke-free environments, and Price taxation) show compliance scores of medium to low levels: Monitoring is present but not fully representative, Smoke-free environments have partial coverage in public spaces, and Taxation is moderate with high taxes but increasing affordability since 2010. Overall compliance is rated based on specific data points, with some areas underdeveloped.
• Tobacco use prevalence remains high, with any tobacco use at 13.7% among adults in 2019, driven by factors like gender and age. National surveys indicate steady monitoring, but periodic data is lacking, and cessation programs are partially available but not fully covered by health insurance.
• Health warnings on cigarette packages are mandatory and cover 13% of display areas, with rotating warnings and imagery, supporting consumer awareness. Mass media campaigns exist but are not part of a comprehensive government program, with limited evaluation.
• Advertising and promotion bans are minimal, with no direct bans on TV/radio or point-of-sale ads, but indirect restrictions on sponsorship are absent. Taxation policies impose a 48.98% tax rate on cigarettes, using ad valorem excise, contributing to moderate affordability; however, cigarette prices have become less affordable since 2010, posing public health risks.
• Earmarked tax revenues fund health programs exclusively, enhancing resources for tobacco control. However, subnational laws lack authority for additional smoke-free measures, and enforcement funds are dedicated.
• Overall, Guatemala has made progress in tax-driven tobacco control but faces challenges in comprehensive protection, cessation services, and stronger advertising bans to reduce tobacco prevalence and promote quit attempts. Recommendations include strengthening smoke-free policies and expanding media campaigns.

{
  "summary": [
    {
      "title": "Monitoring and Policy Compliance",
      "details": [
        "Guatemala has moderate Monitoring (score 5) with recent and representative surveys showing tobacco use prevalence among adults (25.4% male, 2.0% female) but no periodic data.",
        "Smoke-free Environments compliance is incomplete, covering specific areas like offices and workplaces but not universally, restricting smoking in certain public spaces.",
        "Pricing measures have a low-scored Tobacco Taxation at 48.98% of retail price on cigarettes, contributing to affordability issues despite costs rising since 2010."
      ],
      "notes": "WHO FCTC ratification supports policy alignment, but implementation gaps exist in comprehensive enforcement."
    },
    {
      "title": "Tobacco Control Progress and Challenges",
      "details": [
        "Cessation programmes are available in health facilities, education centers, and public places, but not covered by national health insurance, limiting accessibility.",
        "Health warnings on packages are mandated (13% coverage), including graphics and the phrase 'smoke-free laws exist', but no plain packaging or full protection.",
        "Media campaigns occur nationally but lack integration into government programs and robust anti-tobacco messaging due to limited evaluation data."
      ],
      "notes": "Ad bans are minimal, allowing indirect promotions, potentially fuelling consumption; affordability decreased, increasing youth and adult smoking risks."
    },
    {
      "title": "Economic and Tax Implications",
      "details": [
        "Tobacco tax revenue accounts for a significant portion of government funds, used exclusively for health programs, but affordability remains a concern with 6.25% GDP needed for 100-cigarette packs.",
        "Compliance with MPOWER taxation was moderate, with no trend change in the past decade except for affordability decreases, highlighting inconsistency in policy impact."
      ],
      "notes": "Higher taxes could improve affordability and reduce smoking prevalence, but enforcement and subnational gaps require attention."
    }
  ]
}