2022-06-07-世界卫生组织-Environmental_Health_Saudi_Arabia_2022_country_profile_2页_185kb

Saudi Arabia Health and Environment Scorecard Analysis

Air Pollution

• Health Impact: High exposure rate (24% of population), leading to diseases including stroke (mortality data missing). Actual annual mean PM2.5 level is 64 μg/m3, far exceeding the WHO guideline of 5 μg/m3.
• Policies: Existing legal standards for PM2.5, national policy on household fuels and energy (cooking technology focus). National strategy/plan on air pollution health impact.
• Gaps: Lack of reported data on PM2.5-attributed deaths for stroke, ischaemic heart disease, and other non-household related impacts.

Chemicals

• Health Impact: High poisoning mortality (less than 20/100,000 die yearly). Poor reporting.
• Policies: Member of Minamata Convention on Mercury. National regulations exist for mercury. National radon regulations exist.
• Gaps: No national legal limit/controls for lead paint, plans or policies for chemical emergencies, lack of poison center information, unknown data publication for PM2.5 health impact death, and no ratification agreement for POPs since CDPH 2019. IHR capacity score regarding chemical events is reported by WHO but data attainment is unknown.

Radiation

• Health Impact: High melanoma/other skin cancer deaths (less than 20/100,000). Residential radon deaths (data unknown).
• Policies: National radon regulations exist. Regulations on artificial tanning devices/sun beds exist.
• Gaps: No reported IHR capacity score attainment information, no data reporting exists for residential radon deaths.

WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene)

• Health Impact: No data available on deaths from diarrhoea or unsafe drinking water, or on occupants without safely managed water/sanitation services. Implementation rates for household water/sanitation policies unknown.
• Gaps: Data completely missing for WASH health impact (deaths, access).

Climate Change

• Health Impact: Projections indicate potential for increased heat deaths (2050 under high emissions scenario). No policy available.
• Policies: No national health and climate change strategy or plan exists.
• Gaps: No information on existence or strategy.

Occupational Health & Safety

• Health Impact: High levels (or potential) of work-related injuries and deaths from occupational risks (data missing for several categories). High-risk activity is likely informal employment. Long working hours (≥55 hrs/week) are associated with significant disease and injury burden (ILO data).
• Policies: National safety and health framework established. Occupational health and safety programmes for health workers exist. National radon regulations exist. National strategy/plan on WASH or occupational issues.
• Gaps: Unknown data publication for deaths/injuries from occupational risks (injuries, chemical risks, non-labour, domestic work). ILO ratification data unknown (ANWFLA, CMPLA, C164). Adequacy of safety efforts unclear. Ranking indicates potential shortcomings (6th out of 21, 12% scored better).

Overall Observations:

• Significant air pollution impact with high exposure but mixed efficacy. Chemically, some progresses made but gaps remain. WASH faces severe data deficits.
• Climate change inaction documented. Occupational risks, while some structures exist, training and implementation are unknown areas.
• 普遍存在数据缺失，特别是在健康结局和政策效力方面的问题。报告依赖特定指标，但也指出了IWG等多个指南未纳入的领域。无论是在国际评价、战略制定还是公众意识方面，都需要今后进一步努力。