IIE-国际学生流动流动与新冠疫情现实（英）-2021.8-28页_713kb

报告摘要

Summary of "International Student Mobility Flows and COVID-19 Realities"

Core Content

This report, authored by Leah Mason of the Institute of International Education (IIE), examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international student mobility and highlights global trends in international education before and during the crisis. It emphasizes the need for a reimagined approach to international student recruitment and mobility in the context of the fourth industrial revolution and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Main Points

Global Mobility Flows Before the Pandemic

Trends and Growth: International student mobility has increased significantly over the past 20 years, with 5.6 million students studying abroad in 2018, a more than doubling since 2000.
Growth Rates: The average annual growth rate was 4.8% before the pandemic.
Top Hosts: The United States remained the top host country, with 20% of global international students in 2020, followed by the United Kingdom and Canada.
Regional Shifts: While the U.S. hosted the largest number of students, other countries like Canada and China experienced faster growth, increasing their international student numbers by over 100% from 2010 to 2020.
Student Origins: China and India were the top sending countries, with over 50% of international students in the U.S. coming from these two countries.

Push and Pull Factors

Push Factors: Countries with limited higher education capacity or declining populations often push students to seek education abroad.
Pull Factors: Host countries attract students through robust recruitment strategies, English-medium programs, and post-degree work opportunities.
Demographic Trends: Countries with growing populations (e.g., Bangladesh, Nigeria, Pakistan) face increased demand for higher education, while those with declining populations (e.g., the U.S.) seek to fill enrollment gaps through international recruitment.

Regional Trends in 2019/2020

Asia: Accounted for over 70% of U.S. international students, with China and India as the largest contributors. India’s enrollment declined for the first time in 7 years.
Europe: Second-largest region of origin, with France, Germany, Spain, Turkey, and the U.K. among the top 25. The U.K. saw a 4% decline in enrollment.
Latin America and the Caribbean: Third-largest regional sender, with Caribbean countries showing growth after Hurricane Dorian. Brazil, Costa Rica, and Peru also saw increases.
Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Declined for the fourth consecutive year, with Saudi Arabia being the largest contributor. The decline was attributed to scholarship restrictions and economic reforms.
Sub-Saharan Africa: Saw a 4% increase in enrollment, with Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia, South Africa, and Kenya contributing to the growth.
North America and Oceania: The U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand together hosted about 38% of all globally mobile students, with Canada being the fifth-largest sender to the U.S.

Impact of the Pandemic

Enrollment Decline: International student enrollment in leading host countries dropped significantly during the 2020/2021 academic year.
Mode of Instruction: Many institutions shifted to online or hybrid learning models to accommodate students unable to travel.
Mental Health Support: Host countries and institutions implemented various mental health and wellness initiatives to support international students during the pandemic.
Financial Support: Financial assistance and aid programs were introduced or expanded to help international students manage costs during the crisis.

Prospects and Barriers

Barriers: The pandemic introduced challenges such as border closures, visa issues, and vaccine hesitancy.
Student Interest: Despite these challenges, many international students expressed interest in returning to study or travel once conditions improve.
Future Outlook: There is a growing emphasis on innovation, policy support, and technology to enhance international student mobility and reduce digital inequality.

Conclusion

The report underscores the need for a more sustainable and inclusive approach to international student mobility, driven by the realities of the pandemic and the evolving global educational landscape. It calls for coordinated efforts among governments and institutions to support international students and to adapt to new global trends and challenges.

Key Information

Total International Students (2018): 5.6 million
Top Host Countries: United States (20%), United Kingdom, Canada
Top Sending Countries: China, India, Germany, Vietnam, South Korea
Growth in Enrollment (2010–2020):
- China: 18% of global international students
- India: 7% of global international students
Pandemic Impact: Decline in enrollment, shift to online/hybrid learning, increased focus on mental health and financial support
Projected Trends: Continued growth in emerging host countries, increased competition, and a need for policy and technological innovation