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Summary of the Offshore Wind Roadmap for Sri Lanka

Core Content

The Offshore Wind Roadmap for Sri Lanka is a strategic document prepared by the World Bank Group under its Offshore Wind Development Program, with support from ESMAP and IFC. It aims to provide the Government of Sri Lanka with evidence-based insights to support policy, regulatory, and infrastructure development for offshore wind energy.

The report outlines the potential for offshore wind development in Sri Lanka, emphasizing its role in achieving decarbonization, energy security, economic benefits, and regional cooperation with neighboring countries, particularly India.

Main Viewpoints

• Natural Conditions: Sri Lanka has favorable conditions for offshore wind, with an estimated total potential of 56 GW, divided into 27 GW of fixed offshore wind (in shallow waters <50m) and 29 GW of floating offshore wind (in deeper waters 50–1000m).
• Decarbonization Goals: The Government of Sri Lanka has set a target of 70% renewable electricity generation by 2030 and carbon neutrality in electricity generation by 2050, which offshore wind can significantly contribute to.
• Energy Security: With all hydrocarbon fuels imported, Sri Lanka faces high risks in energy supply and affordability. Offshore wind provides a domestic, reliable energy source that can reduce these vulnerabilities.
• Economic Benefits: Offshore wind development can help reduce the economic burden of fossil fuel imports, improve foreign exchange reserves, and create substantial employment and GVA for the local economy.
• Regional Cooperation: Collaboration with India, particularly through interconnector projects, could enhance energy export potential and market size for offshore wind in Sri Lanka.

Key Information

Offshore Wind Potential

• Total Potential: 56 GW
• Fixed Offshore Wind: 27 GW (mainly in shallow waters)
• Floating Offshore Wind: 29 GW (in deeper waters)
• Priority Areas: Mannar and Puttalam are identified as the first priority areas for offshore wind projects.

Deployment Scenarios

• Low Growth Scenario:

  • 2030: 0.5 GW
  • 2040: 1 GW
  • 2050: 2 GW
  • CO₂ Reduction: 0.85–1.0 million metric tons per year
  • Employment: Up to 25,000 FTE
  • LCOE: US$75–90/MWh in 2030, decreasing to US$60/MWh by 2050

• High Growth Scenario:

  • 2030: 1 GW
  • 2040: 2.5 GW
  • 2050: 4 GW
  • CO₂ Reduction: 1.7–2.0 million metric tons per year
  • Employment: Up to 57,600 FTE
  • LCOE: US$75–90/MWh in 2030, decreasing to US$50/MWh by 2050

Technical and Environmental Considerations

• Suitable Areas: Identified as Area 1 (North), Area 2 (West), and Area 3 (Southeast), with the North and Southeast coasts having the most energetic wind speeds.
• Constraints: Environmental, social, and technical restrictions have been mapped, and areas with high sensitivity are excluded or restricted.
• Environmental Impact: Offshore wind development could affect marine ecosystems, protected areas, turtle nesting sites, and threatened habitats such as coral reefs and mangroves. Mitigation measures are essential.

Infrastructure Needs

• Grid Infrastructure: The existing power system and planned upgrades (e.g., 400kV and 220kV systems) are evaluated. A long-term plan for grid expansion is recommended to accommodate offshore wind.
• Port Infrastructure: The report identifies potential ports for offshore wind operations, including Colombo, Hambantota, and Trincomalee, and highlights gaps in current port capabilities.
• Supply Chain: The report assesses the readiness of the local supply chain, identifying areas where capacity and expertise are lacking and recommending capacity building and foreign collaboration.

Recommendations

• Regulatory Streamlining: A transparent and competitive procurement framework is needed to attract investment.
• Policy Targets: Setting short-term (2030) and long-term (2050) offshore wind targets.
• Infrastructure Development: Upgrading grid and port infrastructure to support offshore wind.
• Stakeholder Engagement: Involving both public and private stakeholders in planning and development.
• International Collaboration: Partnering with India, China, and Vietnam to enhance supply chain and market opportunities.

Financial and Economic Analysis

• LCOE: Estimated to be US$75–90/MWh for the first 500MW project, with potential reductions to US$60–50/MWh by 2050.
• GVA and Employment: A 500MW project could generate US$570 million in GVA and 25,000 FTE in employment. A 1GW project could generate US$1.1 billion in GVA and 57,600 FTE in employment.
• Local Content: Encouraging local participation in construction and O&M to maximize economic benefits.

Challenges and Opportunities

• Opportunities:

  • Large-scale contribution to renewable energy mix
  • Energy export potential to India and other regions
  • Green hydrogen production as a future export option
  • Diversification of local industries and port infrastructure

• Challenges:

  • Data Gaps: Limited spatial and technical data on offshore wind resources.
  • Environmental and Social Constraints: Need to avoid sensitive areas and ensure mitigation measures.
  • Cost and Risk: High initial costs and risk due to lack of local expertise and limited supply chain.
  • Land Use: Competition for land in onshore projects; offshore wind avoids this.

Conclusion

The Offshore Wind Roadmap for Sri Lanka presents a strategic pathway for the country to transition to renewable energy, enhance energy security, and economic resilience. The report emphasizes the importance of policy support, infrastructure development, and international collaboration to realize the potential of offshore wind in the country. A pathfinder project is recommended as the first step, with a focus on Mannar and Puttalam due to their favorable wind conditions and technical suitability.