【世界银行】北马其顿空气质量管理的制度和职能审查-2024_92页_865kb

Institutional and Functional Review of Air Quality Management in North Macedonia
North Macedonia faces severe air pollution, particularly PM2.5, exceeding WHO and EU limits in urban areas like Skopje and Tetovo. The country has partially aligned its legal framework with EU air quality directives (e.g., 93% of CAFE and 85% of the Fourth Daughter Directive) but lags in transposing newer regulations, such as the 2016 NEC Directive (only 11% transposed). Institutional capacity is limited, with the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (MoEPP) lacking a dedicated unit for AQM, overburdening the Macedonian Environmental Information Center (MEIC). Municipalities, especially smaller ones, struggle with staffing, funding, and technical expertise, leading to fragmented air quality planning and limited implementation of pollution reduction measures.

The report highlights six AQM functions: setting standards, determining emission reductions, designing strategies, implementation, monitoring, and reporting. While legal foundations for these functions exist, practical execution is hindered by weak coordination across sectors and governance levels, and insufficient accountability mechanisms. Key recommendations include establishing a dedicated Air Quality Department within MoEPP, updating AQM guidelines, institutionalizing inter-municipal coordination, and creating an Environmental Inspectorate.

Chimney sweeping is proposed as a critical tool for monitoring residential emissions, with a draft law outlining mandatory inspections. However, legal frameworks for this remain underdeveloped, and institutional capacity to enforce compliance is lacking. The EU’s revised air quality directives and the upcoming 2024-2027 National Air Pollution Control Program (NAPCP) require urgent alignment.

The review emphasizes the need for strategic institutional reforms, improved legal transposition, and enhanced coordination to meet EU standards and reduce health and economic impacts of air pollution. A systematic, multi-stakeholder approach and adequate funding are vital for effective AQM.