亚开行-蒙古的蔬菜生产和价值（英文）-2020.8-95页_2mb

Summary of Vegetable Production and Value Chains in Mongolia

Core Content

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of vegetable production and value chains in Mongolia, highlighting opportunities for improvement and suggesting strategies to enhance market access and increase rural incomes. The study, conducted by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), focuses on smallholder farmers and explores various models for value chain development, including community grower groups (CGGs), traders, aggregators, wholesalers, processors, and retailers. It also draws comparisons with vegetable production systems in other Central Asian countries and outlines a recommended approach for public-private sector engagement.

Key Findings

1.1 Current Situation and Prospects: Market and Value Chain

• Import Trends: Vegetable imports are increasing, indicating strong underlying demand for certain vegetables.
• Self-Sufficiency: Mongolia is self-sufficient in potatoes and meat but only meets about two-thirds of its vegetable needs, relying heavily on imports, especially for high-value vegetables like garlic.
• Consumption Rates: Annual per capita consumption of potatoes and vegetables is below national health recommendations, with 111.3 g/day and 142.4 g/day respectively, compared to 120 g/day and 260 g/day.
• Value Chain Structure: The value chain involves multiple intermediaries, with the largest price margins captured by wholesalers and traders. Processors also add value but face significant costs.
• Profitability: Smallholder farmers generate negligible returns, while medium-sized farms have reasonable returns. Processing and retailing margins are unremarkable.

1.2 Potential Improvement: Models, Feasibility, Investment Assessment

• Alternative Crops and Methods: Farmers can increase prices by changing production methods and cultivating alternative crops.
• Direct Market Access: Direct sales to consumers, processors, and retailers can reduce intermediary costs and improve returns, but require meeting quality and volume standards.
• Improved Wholesale Conditions: Enhancing storage, transport, and selling facilities can increase returns for farmers and improve supply continuity.
• Community Grower Groups (CGGs): CGGs can be established to improve coordination, investment in goods and services, and collective branding for high-value vegetables.
• Support for CGGs: CGGs should develop group brands, evaluate packaging and labeling, and expand greenhouse and storage facilities to enable year-round supply.

1.3 Recommendations for Public-Private Sector Engagement

• Review Competition Regulation: Strengthen regulations to improve fair trading and reduce transaction costs.
• Enhance Data Collection: Improve statistical basis for vegetable pricing, including those for high-demand crops like green leafy vegetables.
• Support CGGs: Develop farm stalls for direct sales, promote strategic partnerships with retailers, and encourage supply contracts with processors.
• Vertical and Horizontal Coordination: Establish contract arrangements between farmers and processors/retailers, and develop wholesale centers for direct sales. Horizontal coordination should focus on training, knowledge-sharing, and economies of scale.
• Legal and Governance Support: CGGs need appropriate legal status and formal governance structures to enable commercial activities and asset management.

Main Points

2.1 Sector Overview

• Historical Context: After the collapse of the Soviet Union, government support for agricultural research and extension declined, leading to outdated cultivation techniques and reliance on imports.
• Policy Context: Government policy favors import substitution, with a focus on improving domestic vegetable production to reduce dependency on imports and enhance food security.

2.2 Demand Analysis

• Consumption Patterns: Urban and rural populations have different consumption levels, with urban areas consuming more vegetables.
• Food Safety: Ensuring food safety and quality standards is crucial for meeting consumer demand and improving market access.

2.3 Supply Analysis

• Production and Distribution: Domestic production meets only about half of the country's vegetable demand, with limited capacity for year-round supply.
• Import Trends: Mongolia imports a significant volume of vegetables, including cabbages and onions, at higher prices during off-seasons.

2.4 Drivers of Supply Performance

• Climate Change: Increased droughts and unsustainable water use have limited productivity.
• Seed Availability: Lack of access to high-yield and climate-resilient seeds hampers production.
• Infrastructure: Limited storage and transport facilities contribute to low returns for farmers.

Value Chain Analysis

3.1 Value Chain Map

• End-to-End Chain: The value chain involves farmers, traders, aggregators, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers.
• Price Margins: Wholesalers and traders capture the largest price margins, while processors add value but also incur significant costs.

3.2 Competitive Market Landscape

• Major Suppliers: Smallholder farmers, with a significant contribution to production, are the primary suppliers.
• Import Competition: Imported vegetables, especially during off-seasons, pose a threat to domestic producers.
• Import Substitution: Opportunities exist for increasing domestic production to substitute imports, particularly for high-value vegetables.

3.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Value Chains

• Strengths: Smallholder farmers provide an ideal opportunity for poverty reduction due to their labor-intensive nature and suitability for small land areas.
• Weaknesses: Limited access to markets, poor infrastructure, and lack of marketing skills hinder value chain performance.

3.4 Role of Smallholder Farmers

• Family Business: Vegetable farming is often a family business, with all members participating.
• Gender Role: Women play a significant role in production and value addition, particularly in greenhouse cultivation.
• Opportunity for Improvement: Enhancing access to markets and improving production techniques can increase the role and impact of smallholder farmers.

Technical Analysis

4.1 Introduction

• The report explores models for improving smallholder vegetable production and market access, focusing on the four target soums (Bornuur, Orkhon, Ulaangom, Yeruu).

4.2 Models for Improvement

• Base Case Model: Current production and market structures.
• Alternative Crops Model: Cultivating different crops to meet market demand and improve returns.
• Value Chain Models: Direct sales, improved storage, and enhanced supply chain coordination.
• Constraints and Actions: Addressing lack of infrastructure, access to capital, and market access are critical for success.

Cross-Country Comparison

5.1 Kazakhstan

• Has a more developed agricultural sector with better infrastructure and market access.
• Government support for research and extension is more robust than in Mongolia.

5.2 Uzbekistan

• Also has a more diversified agricultural sector with better access to international markets.
• Stronger institutional support for smallholder farmers and cooperatives.

5.3 Pakistan

• Not directly relevant to Mongolia, but serves as a case study for smallholder agricultural development and market integration.

Recommended Approach for Public Sector Projects

6.1 Approach to Public Sector Projects

• Focus on diversifying the agricultural sector to reduce reliance on imports and increase rural incomes.
• Support for smallholder farmers through improved infrastructure, access to seeds, and market access.

6.2 Approach to Private Sector Engagement

• Encourage private sector participation in value chain improvements, including investment in processing and retail.
• Facilitate strategic partnerships between CGGs and retailers, as well as processors.

6.3 Recommendations

• Develop farm stalls and direct sales channels to reduce intermediary costs.
• Encourage the establishment of CGGs with legal status and governance structures.
• Promote the use of greenhouse and storage facilities to enable year-round production.
• Improve data collection and analysis for better market understanding and policy formulation.
• Support legislative changes to enhance fair trading and market transparency.

Appendix

• Includes tables and figures detailing vegetable production, consumption, import data, and value chain dynamics.
• Provides insights into the economic impact of different models and the role of various stakeholders in the value chain.