2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Mongolia_Country_Profile_2013_15页_996kb

报告摘要

Mongolia Country Profile 2013 Summary

Core Content Overview

The Mongolia Country Profile 2013 is part of the Enterprise Surveys conducted by the World Bank Group and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). It provides an in-depth analysis of the business environment in Mongolia, comparing it with other countries in the East Asia & Pacific region and the Low Income group. The report includes various indicators related to corruption, regulations, taxes, business licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, informality, finance, innovation, and workforce characteristics.

Main Topics and Key Findings

1. Business Environment Obstacles

The report highlights the main constraints faced by firms in Mongolia, benchmarked against regional and income group averages.
The top 10 constraints are identified through firm perceptions, with corruption being a major issue.
Corruption indicators include the Graft Index, which shows that 31.6% of firms in Mongolia were asked or expected to pay bribes for public services, which is higher than the regional average of 10.9% and the Low Income group average of 14.5%.
Gift-giving is also a common practice, especially in securing government contracts, construction permits, and import licenses.
- 20.3% of firms give gifts in meetings with tax inspectors.
- 20.6% of firms give gifts to secure government contracts.
- 43.3% of firms give gifts to get a construction permit.
- 21.4% of firms give gifts to obtain an import license.
- 27.2% of firms give gifts to obtain an operating license.

2. Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

Regulatory and licensing processes are time-consuming and costly.
The time to obtain an import license in Mongolia is 57.1 days, which is significantly higher than the regional average of 18.8 days and the Low Income group average of 17.2 days.
Construction-related permits take 44.0 days to obtain, compared to 43.1 days in the region and 59.2 days in the Low Income group.
Operating licenses require 44.6 days, which is longer than the regional average of 15.8 days and the Low Income group average of 20.9 days.
Senior management time spent on regulatory requirements is 20.1%, which is higher than the regional average of 7.6% and the Low Income group average of 9.3%.
Tax inspections are frequent, with an average of 1.4 visits per firm in Mongolia, compared to 1.3 in the region and 2.4 in the Low Income group.

3. Infrastructure

Infrastructure deficiencies pose significant challenges to firms, especially in terms of electricity, water supply, and telephone connections.
Power outages occur on average 1.0 times per month, leading to 0.7% loss of sales due to electricity failures.
Water shortages are rare but still present, with an average of 0.1 occurrences per month, and the average duration of a shortage is 0.1 hours.
Delays in obtaining infrastructure services are substantial, with 78.3 days for an electrical connection and 61.8 days for a water connection, both higher than the regional and Low Income averages.

4. Trade

Export activity is relatively low, with 12.0% of firms exporting directly or indirectly.
Use of foreign material inputs is common, with 39.3% of firms using foreign supplies.
Customs clearance times are 8.2 days for direct exports and 10.4 days for imports, which are shorter than the regional averages of 17.7 days and 25.3 days, respectively.
Transport losses during exports are minimal, with 2.3% of firms losing goods due to breakage or spoilage.

5. Corruption

Corruption is a significant concern in Mongolia, with 31.6% of firms reporting that they were asked or expected to pay bribes.
Gift-giving is prevalent in interactions with public officials, especially for government contracts and permits.
Perceptions of the court system are low, with 20.8% of firms believing it to be fair, impartial, and uncorrupted, much lower than the regional average of 60.8% and the Low Income group average of 46.9%.

6. Crime and Informality

Security costs are relatively high, accounting for 2.0% of sales.
Losses due to theft, robbery, and vandalism are 0.6% of sales.
Informality is still present, with 7.5% of firms starting operations without formal registration, indicating a 7.5% informal sector.

7. Finance

Internal finance is the primary source of investment, with 73.3% of firms relying on it.
Bank finance accounts for 12.4%, which is lower than the regional average of 37.4% and the Low Income group average of 23.4%.
Collateral requirements for loans are high, with 222.3% of the loan amount needed, which is higher than the regional average of 194.8% and the Low Income group average of 202.2%.
Access to banking services is relatively good, with 49.9% of firms having bank loans or lines of credit, and 95.6% having checking or savings accounts.

8. Innovation and Workforce

Innovation and technology use are limited, with 15.8% of firms holding internationally recognized quality certifications.
Email usage is 61.4%, and 48.3% of firms use their own websites for communication.
Workforce composition shows that 41.7% of firms have full-time female workers, with a higher proportion in small firms.
Temporary workers average 11.7, while permanent, full-time workers average 24.9.
Legal forms are mostly closed shareholding companies, which account for 98.4% of firms in Mongolia, compared to 22.2% in the region and 19.0% in the Low Income group.

Key Information and Insights

Corruption and informality are major obstacles to a healthy business environment in Mongolia.
Regulatory processes are inefficient, leading to high costs and time delays for firms.
Infrastructure is a critical area needing improvement, particularly in electricity and water supply.
Access to finance is limited, with firms relying heavily on internal funds.
Trade is constrained by customs delays, but losses during transport are relatively low.
Innovation and ICT usage are underdeveloped, especially among small firms.
Gender representation in management and ownership is moderate, with a higher percentage of female top managers in small firms.

Conclusion

The Mongolia Country Profile 2013 underscores the challenges firms face in navigating a complex and corrupt business environment, with significant inefficiencies in regulations, taxes, infrastructure, and finance. While trade and ICT usage show some progress, informality, corruption, and inefficient infrastructure remain key areas for reform to enhance productivity, investment, and sustainable development.