2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Kenya_Country_Profile_2013_15页_867kb

Kenya Country Profile 2013 Summary

Core Content Overview

The Kenya Country Profile 2013 is a comprehensive analysis of the business environment in Kenya, based on data from the Enterprise Surveys conducted by the World Bank and its partner IFC. It provides insights into the challenges faced by firms across various sectors and evaluates the effectiveness of infrastructure, trade, regulations, taxes, corruption, crime, and financial systems in shaping business outcomes.

Key Business Environment Indicators

Corruption

• Graft Index: 16.5% of firms in Kenya were expected or asked to pay a bribe when applying for public services, which is below the Sub-Saharan Africa average (18.6%) but higher than the Low Income group average (13.7%).
• Gifts to Tax Inspectors: 17.4% of firms in Kenya expected to give gifts during meetings with tax inspectors.
• Gifts for Government Contracts: 28.0% of firms in Kenya expected to give gifts to secure government contracts, higher than the regional average (5.1%).
• Gifts for Construction Permits: 32.9% of firms in Kenya expected to give gifts for construction permits, higher than the regional average (13.8%).
• Gifts for Import Licenses: 17.6% of firms in Kenya expected to give gifts for import licenses.
• Gifts for Operating Licenses: 15.8% of firms in Kenya expected to give gifts for operating licenses.

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• Days to Obtain Import License: 15.9 days in Kenya, higher than the regional average (15.3 days) but lower than the Low Income group average (20.0 days).
• Days to Obtain Construction Permit: 41.7 days in Kenya, higher than the regional average (49.2 days) and higher than the Low Income group average (60.8 days).
• Days to Obtain Operating License: 13.8 days in Kenya, lower than the regional average (10.2 days) but higher than the Low Income group average (24.9 days).
• Time Spent by Senior Management on Government Regulation: 7.4% in Kenya, lower than the regional average (8.5%) and Lower than the Low Income group average (9.1%).
• Average Number of Tax Meetings: 1.5 visits in Kenya, lower than the regional average (1.9 visits) and lower than the Low Income group average (2.8 visits).
• Legal Forms:
  • Open Shareholding Company: 1.9% in Kenya.
  • Closed Shareholding Company: 13.2% in Kenya.
  • Sole Proprietorship: 33.6% in Kenya.
  • Partnership: 11.6% in Kenya.
  • Limited Partnership: 35.9% in Kenya.

Finance

• Internal Finance for Investment: 60.8% of firms in Kenya rely on internal funds, lower than the Low Income group average (78.2%).
• Bank Finance for Investment: 24.1% of firms in Kenya use bank financing, higher than the Low Income group average (10.0%).
• Trade Credit Financing: 5.3% of firms in Kenya use trade credit.
• Equity and Sale of Stock: 7.7% of firms in Kenya use equity or stock sales for investment.
• External Working Capital Financing: 33.2% of firms in Kenya use external financing for working capital.
• Collateral Needed for Loans: 187.7% of the loan amount is required as collateral in Kenya, higher than the regional average (172.7%) and higher than the Low Income group average (207.6%).
• Firms with Bank Loans/Line of Credit: 35.9% in Kenya.
• Firms with Checking or Savings Accounts: 92.3% in Kenya, higher than the Low Income group average (83.8%).

Business Environment Obstacles

The business environment in Kenya is marked by several challenges:

• Corruption is a significant obstacle, with many firms expecting to make informal payments.
• Regulatory Burden is substantial, with long delays in obtaining permits and licenses.
• Infrastructure Deficiencies affect operational efficiency, particularly in electricity and water supply.
• Trade Challenges include customs delays and losses due to transport risks.
• Crime and Informality contribute to higher security costs and informal business practices.

Infrastructure

• Power Outages: 6.3 per month in Kenya, lower than the Sub-Saharan Africa average (8.3) and lower than the Low Income group average (12.3).
• Value Lost Due to Power Outages: 5.6% of sales in Kenya, lower than the Sub-Saharan Africa average (7.2%).
• Water Shortages: 2.2 per month in Kenya, lower than the regional average (2.0) and lower than the Low Income group average (2.9).
• Average Water Shortage Duration: 7.5 hours in Kenya, lower than the regional average (3.4 hours).
• Delays in Electrical Connection: 42.4 days in Kenya, lower than the regional average (29.9 days).
• Delays in Water Connection: 29.3 days in Kenya, lower than the regional average (33.6 days).
• Delays in Telephone Connection: N/A in Kenya, lower than the regional average (28.3 days).

Trade

• Exporter Firms: 36.1% of firms in Kenya export directly or indirectly.
• Use of Foreign Inputs: 52.7% of firms in Kenya use foreign material inputs or supplies.
• Customs Clearance Time for Exports: 11.1 days in Kenya, lower than the regional average (10.2 days).
• Customs Clearance Time for Imports: 21.2 days in Kenya, higher than the regional average (18.1 days).
• Losses During Export Due to Theft: 0.6% in Kenya, lower than the regional average (1.8%).
• Losses During Export Due to Breakage or Spoilage: 1.7% in Kenya, lower than the regional average (1.8%).

Crime and Informality

• Perception of Court Fairness: 51.3% of firms in Kenya believe the court system is fair, impartial, and uncorrupted.
• Security Costs (% of Sales): 3.6% in Kenya, higher than the regional average (2.2%).
• Losses Due to Theft, Robbery, etc.: 1.3% of sales in Kenya, higher than the regional average (2.8%).
• Formal Registration at Start-Up: 90.8% of firms in Kenya are formally registered, lower than the regional average (98.0%).

Innovation and Workforce

• International Quality Certifications: 21.8% of firms in Kenya have internationally recognized quality certifications.
• External Financial Statement Review: 82.8% of firms in Kenya have their annual financial statements reviewed by external auditors.
• Use of Websites: 46.1% of firms in Kenya use their own websites.
• Use of Email: 72.4% of firms in Kenya use email for communication with clients and suppliers.
• Average Temporary Workers: 15.4 in Kenya, lower than the regional average (84.3).
• Average Permanent Workers: 41.8 in Kenya, lower than the regional average (223.4).
• Full-Time Female Workers: 29.1% in Kenya, higher than the regional average (25.3%).

Conclusion

The Kenya Country Profile 2013 highlights the challenges firms face in navigating a complex business environment, with significant issues related to corruption, regulatory delays, infrastructure shortcomings, and trade inefficiencies. Despite these challenges, Kenya has relatively high levels of formal registration and external financial auditing. The profile also underscores the gender gap in management roles and the importance of financial services in supporting business operations. Overall, the report serves as a valuable tool for policymakers and researchers aiming to improve the business climate in Kenya.