2016-03-30-世界卫生组织-Zika_situation_report_-_31_March_2016_13页_1mb

报告摘要

Date: 31 March 2016

Zika virus: Identified as a cause of Microcephaly and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) and other neurological disorders, based on scientific studies.

Historical Spread (1 Jan 2007 - 30 Mar 2016): Documented transmission in 61 countries/territories. By mid-2015, spread to the Americas gained momentum.
Geographical Distribution:
- Americas (33 countries/territories): Confirmed mosquito-borne transmission.
- Western Pacific Region (16 countries/areas): Confirmed mosquito-borne cases in 2016.
- African Region (Cabo Verde): Active outbreak started in late 2015, decreasing by March 2016.
Transmission Modes: Primarily mosquito-borne (Aedes species). Cases of local transmission without mosquitoes (likely sexual) have occurred in Argentina, Chile, France, Italy, New Zealand, and USA.

Reported Cases: Brazil saw a dramatic increase (6776 cases/malformations between Oct 2015-Mar 2016, most in the northeast).
- Confirmed: 944 cases in Brazil linked to Zika.
- Other Countries: Cabo Verde (2), Colombia (32), French Polynesia (8), Martinique (1), Panama (1). Slovenia and USA detected additional linked cases related to Brazil travel.
Brazil Analysis: Incidence peak correlated with Zika outbreak timing. Exceeded average microcephaly rates in states with Zika circulation.
French Polynesia: Outbreak (2013-2014) linked to increased infant CNS malformations (including 8 microcephaly).
Cabo Verde: One confirmed case born with microcephaly. Other evidence of possible link.

Reported Increases/Illnesses: 13 countries/territories reported increased GBS incidence or linked infections. High rates in French Polynesia, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, Suriname, Venezuela.
Case Data:
- French Polynesia (2013-2014): 42 GBS cases during Zika, ~20x increase. High estimated GBS risk (0.24/1000 infections).
- Brazil (2015): 42/2015 related GBS cases initially, national total increased 19% (1708 cases).
- Colombia/El Salvador/Suriname/Venezuela: Reports of clusters/dramatic increases (e.g., 42x rate in Colombia).
Confirmatory Tests: Numerous cases tested positive for Zika RNA/IgM.
Other Neurological Disorders: Reports include Acute Myelitis, Meningoencephalitis, and an undefined syndrome in a Zika-positive pregnant woman in Honduras.

Strategic Response Framework: Covers surveillance, response activities, and research.
Key Activities:
- Updating guidelines for vector control, care, communication.
- Tool development for field use/access (WHO mobile app).
- Translating communication materials.
- Planning research collaboratively.
Research: Priority areas identified for understanding causality, risk factors, sexual transmission, vector control, and health system response.