NHTSA-自动驾驶系统2.0：安全展望（英文）-2017.9-36页-2mb

Summary of Automated Driving Systems: A Vision for Safety

Core Content

The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), through the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), has released A Vision for Safety to guide the safe development, testing, and deployment of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). This document replaces the 2016 Federal Automated Vehicle Policy and outlines a nonregulatory framework to support industry innovation and public trust in self-driving technologies.

The goal of the document is to promote safety, mobility, and efficiency through the integration of ADSs, while ensuring that the U.S. remains a global leader in autonomous vehicle technology. It emphasizes that safety is the top priority and outlines a comprehensive set of recommendations and guidance for stakeholders, including manufacturers, developers, and State officials.

Main Views and Key Information

1. The Promise of Automated Driving Systems

• ADSs have the potential to significantly reduce highway fatalities and injuries, which are primarily caused by human error.
• They can improve access to transportation for the elderly and disabled, reduce traffic congestion, and lower vehicle emissions.
• The future of transportation is expected to be more efficient and productive with the widespread adoption of ADS technology.

2. Role of the U.S. Department of Transportation

• The DOT aims to be a good steward of the future by fostering innovation and ensuring the safe integration of ADSs into the transportation system.
• NHTSA is the lead agency responsible for regulating safety design and performance of motor vehicles and equipment, while States are responsible for regulating human drivers and vehicle operations.

3. Voluntary Guidance for Automated Driving Systems

• The Voluntary Guidance outlines 12 priority safety design elements for ADSs (SAE Automation Levels 3 through 5).

• These elements include:

  • System Safety
  • Operational Design Domain (ODD)
  • Object and Event Detection and Response (OEDR)
  • Crash Avoidance Capability
  • Validation Methods
  • Human Machine Interface (HMI)
  • Vehicle Cybersecurity
  • Crashworthiness
  • Post-Crash ADS Behavior
  • Data Recording
  • Consumer Education and Training
  • Federal, State, and Local Laws
  • Voluntary Safety Self-Assessment

• The guidance is nonregulatory and voluntary, with no compliance or enforcement mechanisms.

• It encourages entities to develop and document their own safety processes, using industry standards and best practices.

4. Supporting State Efforts

• NHTSA provides Technical Assistance to States, clarifying the roles of Federal and State governments in regulating ADSs.

• It includes:

  • Best Practices for Legislatures: Recommendations for laws related to ADS deployment.
  • Best Practices for State Highway Safety Officials: A framework for developing procedures and conditions for ADS safe operation on public roads.

• These practices cover areas such as testing permissions, registration, working with public safety officials, and liability and insurance.

5. SAE Automation Levels

• ADSs are classified into SAE Automation Levels 3 through 5, which represent Conditional, High, and Full Automation.
• The guidance applies to all these levels, emphasizing the need for safety in each.

6. Safety Priorities and Responsibilities

• NHTSA is responsible for safety standards and enforcement related to ADSs.
• Entities are encouraged to:
  • Test and validate their systems thoroughly.
  • Consider cybersecurity, crashworthiness, and human machine interface.
  • Implement fallback strategies in case of system failure or malfunction.
  • Ensure that ADSs operate safely within their defined Operational Design Domain (ODD).

Key Sections and Structure

Conclusion

A Vision for Safety aims to facilitate the safe and efficient introduction of automated driving systems by promoting collaboration between industry, government, and the public. It encourages innovation while maintaining a strong focus on safety, transparency, and public trust. The guidance is designed to be flexible, allowing for the rapid evolution of ADS technology, and will be regularly updated based on new data and stakeholder input.

The document reflects the DOT's commitment to leading the way in transportation innovation and ensuring that the U.S. remains at the forefront of autonomous vehicle development.