2022-06-07-世界卫生组织-Environmental_Health_United_States_of_America_the_2022_country_profile_2页_229kb

Health and Environment Scorecard Summary: United States of America

This summary outlines key findings from the health and environment scorecard for the USA, covering air pollution, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), climate change, chemicals, radiation, and occupational health.

Air Pollution

• 8% of the population is exposed to PM2.5 levels above WHO guidelines, indicating a lack of compliance with annual mean standards.
• Health impacts include strokes and ischemic heart disease due to air pollution, but policies exist for legal standards and household energy use for cooking.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)

• 23% of the working-age population (informal employment) uses unsafe fuels, highlighting risks but no data on safe drinking water, sanitation, or hygiene.
• Some national policies exist for household energy, but gaps in regulations and data are noted.

Climate Change

• Under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5), the USA faces increased heat deaths by 2050, with 70 warm spell days projected.
• The ranking is 31st out of 33 countries in the Americas for health and climate change strategies, revealing weak adaptation plans.

Chemicals

• IHR capacity for chemical events is borderline inadequate, with limited poison center services and low ratification of key conventions.
• Health impacts show mortality from poisonings, but regulations on lead paint and mercury are partially in place, with a global ranking indicating room for improvement.

Radiation

• Radiation-related deaths (e.g., skin cancers, melanoma) affect populations, with incomplete national regulations and emissions controls.
• The USA ranks 31st in the Americas for radiation emergency preparedness, reflecting deficiencies.

Occupational Health

• Health workers face risks, including injuries and diseases from occupational hazards, with some programs and regulatory efforts.
• Occupational safety and health conventions show moderate compliance, but issues persist with working hours and service availability.

Overall Assessment

The USA demonstrates areas of concern in air quality, WASH, and climate change vulnerability, with partial policy implementations but gaps in data and regulations. Rankings highlight need for improvements in chemical and radiation management.