多年生农作物生产的环境、健康和安全指南（英文版）_35页

Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Perennial Crop Production Summary

Core Content

The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Perennial Crop Production serve as technical reference documents that outline Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) for the production and harvesting of perennial crops. These guidelines are intended to be used in conjunction with the General EHS Guidelines and are applicable to large-scale plantation crops and outgrower systems, including tree crops such as olives, citrus, coffee, rubber, eucalypts, and cacao, as well as banana, sugarcane, and palm oil. They focus on the primary production phase and do not address the processing of raw materials into finished products.

Main Points

1. Applicability and Use

• The EHS Guidelines are applied when the World Bank Group is involved in a project, in accordance with their policies and standards.
• They should be tailored to the specific hazards and risks of each project, based on environmental assessments that consider site-specific variables.
• When host country regulations are more stringent, those should be followed. If less stringent measures are justified, a detailed justification must be provided to ensure human health and environmental protection.

2. Structure of the Document

• The document is organized into three main sections:

  1. Industry-Specific Impacts and Management
  2. Performance Indicators Monitoring
  3. References

• Annex A provides a general description of industry activities.

• Annex B focuses on water consumption.

Key Sections and Recommendations

1.1 Environmental

• Soil Conservation and Management:

  • Reduce soil erosion through reduced/zero tillage, cover crops, and erosion control techniques.
  • Minimize soil compaction and disturbance by using appropriate machinery.
  • Recycle crop residues and maintain soil organic matter.
  • Establish setbacks and buffer zones from water sources to prevent nutrient runoff.

• Nutrient Management:

  • Use green manures, cover crops, and mulching to maintain soil fertility.
  • Develop balanced fertilizer programs based on soil and crop analysis.
  • Implement practices to avoid nutrient leaching and contamination of water resources.
  • Train personnel in proper storage, handling, and application of fertilizers.

• Crop Residue and Solid Waste Management:

  • Recycle residues to improve soil quality and reduce environmental impact.
  • Avoid burning or improper disposal of solid waste.
  • Use large containers for storage to minimize waste volume.
  • Manage expired or unwanted pesticides as hazardous waste in accordance with FAO and international conventions.

• Water Management:

  • Optimize water use and quality through integrated resource management.
  • Use rainwater harvesting techniques and manage irrigation systems to prevent over-irrigation.
  • Implement buffer zones and debris traps to prevent water contamination.
  • Control runoff and sediment load to protect water bodies and reduce flooding risk.

• Pest Management:

  • Focus on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to minimize environmental and economic impact.
  • Use early warning systems, resistant crop varieties, and biological controls.
  • Limit pesticide use to when necessary and prioritize selective products over broad-spectrum ones.

• Pesticides Use and Management:

  • Store, handle, and apply pesticides in accordance with hazardous materials guidelines.
  • Avoid extremely and highly hazardous pesticides as classified by WHO and the Stockholm Convention.
  • Ensure proper training and use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
  • Use designated areas for mixing and filling pesticide tanks to prevent contamination.
  • Dispose of unused or expired pesticides as hazardous waste, following FAO guidelines.

• Fertilizers:

  • Store fertilizers in original labeled containers, in secure and accessible locations.
  • Ensure SDS and inventories are available for emergency response.
  • Apply only the required amount of fertilizer to avoid environmental loss.
  • Provide training for personnel involved in the handling and application of fertilizers.

• Biodiversity and Ecosystems:

  • Perennial crop production can impact biodiversity through habitat conversion, pollution, and introduction of invasive species.
  • Impact avoidance should be the primary goal, achieved through careful site selection and expansion planning.
  • Use tools like the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) to identify areas of high biodiversity value.
  • Avoid converting critical or high conservation value (HCV) habitats into agriculture; instead, promote planting on degraded or modified lands.
  • Conduct biodiversity assessments at the farm or forest level, considering landscape connectivity and wildlife movement.

Conclusion

The EHS Guidelines for Perennial Crop Production provide a comprehensive framework for managing environmental, health, and safety risks throughout the production cycle. They emphasize sustainable practices, site-specific planning, and the use of appropriate technologies and training to ensure minimal environmental impact and the protection of human health. The guidelines are particularly relevant for projects in temperate and tropical regions and are designed to be used alongside the General EHS Guidelines to support responsible and efficient crop production.