多年生农作物生产的环境_健康和安全指南（英文版）_33页_569kb

Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Perennial Crop Production Summary

Core Content

The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Perennial Crop Production are technical reference documents that provide general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). These guidelines are intended to be used in conjunction with the General EHS Guidelines and are applicable to projects involving the World Bank Group. They focus on large-scale plantation crops and outgrower systems, covering the primary production and harvesting of multi-year food, fiber, energy, ornamental, and pharmaceutical crops in both temperate and tropical regions.

The guidelines aim to ensure that EHS performance levels and measures are achievable through existing technology at reasonable costs. They emphasize the importance of site-specific assessments and the need to align with the most stringent standards when host country regulations differ. Additionally, the guidelines require a full justification for any proposed alternatives that may be less stringent than the recommended practices.

Main Sections and Key Points

1.1.1 Soil Conservation and Management

• Soil degradation can result from inappropriate machinery use, poor nutrient management, and improper water use.
• Soil erosion is a risk in sloping areas with poor canopy closure. Prevention techniques include:
  • Reduced and zero tillage.
  • Cover crops, intercropping, and windbreaks.
  • Recycling crop residues and organic materials.
  • Erosion control structures and proper timing of earthworks.
• Long-term soil productivity can be maintained by:
  • Cultivating climate and soil-adapted crops.
  • Using meteorological data to guide management.
  • Conducting soil surveys and monitoring.
  • Minimizing pesticide use through early warning systems and biological controls.

1.1.2 Nutrient Management

• Nutrient management should maintain soil fertility and optimize yield while minimizing environmental impact.
• Recommended practices include:
  • Using green manures, cover crops, and mulching.
  • Incorporating nitrogen-fixing legumes.
  • Developing balanced fertilizer programs based on soil and crop analysis.
  • Implementing buffer zones near water sources to prevent nutrient runoff.
• Training for personnel in nutrient management and safe handling of fertilizers is essential.
• Fertilizer application equipment should be selected and maintained to ensure accuracy and minimize waste.

1.1.3 Crop Residue and Solid Waste Management

• Crop residues should be recycled to improve soil organic matter and structure.
• Residues should be managed to prevent pest and disease spread.
• Excess residues can be used as thermal energy sources, but risks like fire and pollution must be mitigated.
• Solid waste, including pesticide containers, should be stored and disposed of safely, avoiding burning and ensuring proper recycling or disposal in designated facilities.

1.1.4 Water Management

• Water should be conserved and managed to maintain quality and optimize crop yield.
• Practices include:
  • Developing irrigation plans and monitoring water use.
  • Using rain harvesting techniques to store water during dry periods.
  • Implementing water conservation methods such as drip irrigation and buffer zones around water sources.
• To prevent water contamination:
  • Avoid over-irrigation and nutrient leaching.
  • Maintain buffer zones and setbacks in riparian areas.
  • Use debris traps to reduce stream pollution.

1.1.5 Pest Management

• The goal is to manage pests, not eradicate all organisms, to keep them below harmful thresholds.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is recommended, combining chemical and non-chemical methods.
• Key IPM practices include:
  • Identifying pests and their thresholds.
  • Using resistant crop varieties and biological controls.
  • Rotating crops to reduce pest buildup.
  • Supporting beneficial organisms through habitat provision.
  • Favoring manual and mechanical weed control.
  • Applying pesticides only when necessary and with appropriate training.

1.1.6 Pesticides Use and Management

• Pesticides should be stored, handled, and applied in accordance with hazardous material management guidelines.
• A Pesticide Management Plan (PMP) is required, including procedures for procurement, storage, and disposal.
• Only pesticides not classified as extremely or highly hazardous under WHO or the Stockholm Convention should be used.
• Pesticides must be applied using low-risk methods and under suitable weather conditions.
• Spill kits and proper disposal of unused or contaminated pesticide are essential to prevent environmental contamination.

1.1.7 Fertilizers

• Fertilizers should be stored securely in original labeled containers, away from water sources and other hazardous materials.
• Only the necessary amount of fertilizer should be purchased and used.
• Training for personnel handling and applying fertilizers is crucial to ensure safe and effective use.

1.1.8 Biodiversity and Ecosystems

• Perennial crop production can impact biodiversity through habitat conversion, water use, and introduction of invasive species.
• Impact avoidance is the primary goal, achieved through appropriate site selection and expansion planning.
• Screening for biodiversity values (e.g., critical habitats, HCV areas) should be conducted using spatial data and tools like the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT).
• Where avoidance is not possible, corridors, set-asides, and buffer zones should be established to protect biodiversity.
• Invasive species should be controlled by sourcing planting material from reliable suppliers and implementing cleaning protocols between fields.

Conclusion

These EHS Guidelines provide a comprehensive framework for sustainable and responsible perennial crop production. They emphasize the importance of site-specific environmental assessments, the use of best practices in soil and water management, and the implementation of integrated pest and nutrient management strategies. Additionally, they highlight the need for proper storage, handling, and disposal of agricultural chemicals, as well as the protection of biodiversity and ecosystems through careful planning and mitigation measures.