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Summary of the Vehicle Dismantling/Recycling Survey in Response to the Transformation of the Automobile Industry in ASEAN

Core Content

This report presents a comprehensive survey on the current status, challenges, and policy recommendations for end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling in selected ASEAN Member States (AMS), conducted by the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) in collaboration with KPMG AZSA. The survey was carried out from June 2024 to March 2025, involving literature reviews, field surveys, and expert meetings in six countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam. The objective of the study is to address the growing challenges of ELV recycling, particularly in the context of the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the need for sustainable circular practices.

Main Points

1. Current Status of ELV Recycling

• Vehicle Sales Trends:

  • Indonesia and Thailand saw a rise in car sales until 2015, followed by stability, with some fluctuations due to the impact of the pandemic in 2020 and 2021.
  • Malaysia experienced a significant increase in car sales post-pandemic.
  • The Philippines and Viet Nam also saw an upward trend in car sales.
  • Singapore maintains a constant level of car sales.

• EV Growth:

  • EVs are becoming more prevalent in the ASEAN region, especially battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).
  • EV sales in Thailand reached over 120,000 units in 2024.
  • Indonesia recorded approximately 100,000 EV sales in 2024.
  • Viet Nam's EV sales are likely higher than reported due to the exclusion of VinFast's data.

• ELV Management:

  • ELV recycling systems are still in early stages across the region.
  • Informal sector dismantling is common, especially in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Viet Nam.
  • Some countries, such as Malaysia and Viet Nam, have started to introduce legislation and standards for ELV recycling.
  • Indonesia and the Philippines have initiatives for public transport vehicle recycling.
  • Singapore has a formal ELV recycling system with designated scrapyards.

2. Challenges in ELV Recycling

• Informal Sector Dominance:

  • Informal dismantling is widespread and often lacks proper safety and environmental controls.
  • Workers frequently use manual methods and inadequate equipment, leading to health and environmental risks.

• Lack of Legislation and Standards:

  • Many AMS have not established comprehensive ELV recycling laws or systems.
  • There is a lack of clarity on the responsibilities of stakeholders and proper disposal methods.

• Environmental and Health Risks:

  • Improper recycling processes contribute to soil and water contamination, particularly from waste oil and other hazardous materials.
  • Emissions from old vehicles and the improper handling of materials like CFCs and HFCs pose significant environmental risks.

• Limited Recycling Infrastructure:

  • The number of formal ELV recycling facilities is insufficient.
  • There is a need for more efficient and safe recycling processes, especially for EVs and their batteries.

3. Key Recommendations

The report outlines eight recommendations to improve ELV recycling in the region:

1. Establish National Legislation and Systems:

   • All AMS should develop legislation or systems for ELV recycling tailored to their national circumstances.
   • Examples include Malaysia's ELV standards, Viet Nam's EPR Act, and the Philippines' regulations for public transport vehicles.

2. Encourage Vehicle Replacement and Inspection:

   • Vehicle owners should be incentivized to replace old cars with better emissions systems.
   • Strict implementation of periodic inspections is recommended to ensure vehicle safety and compliance with emissions standards.
   • Setting a maximum age limit for private vehicles could help manage ELV accumulation.

3. Implement Licensing and Regulation for Recyclers:

   • Licensing schemes should be introduced to ensure proper recycling practices.
   • These should include traceability mechanisms, battery collection and reuse, and safe disposal of automotive shredder residue (ASR) and other hazardous materials.

4. Develop Quality Standards for Second-hand Parts:

   • Guidelines for the reuse, repurpose, and refurbishment of second-hand parts should be established.
   • A battery passport system is recommended for EVs to ensure proper tracking and management of used batteries.

5. Enhance Capacity Building:

   • Training programs on ELV recycling should be developed for both central and local governments.
   • Collaboration with international stakeholders and donors is encouraged to support knowledge sharing and infrastructure development.

6. Support from Non-AMS:

   • Non-ASEAN countries should support AMS in establishing ELV recycling policies and systems.
   • Japan, through JICA, has provided technical assistance and training to countries like Thailand and the Philippines.

7. Transfer of Advanced Technologies:

   • Non-AMS should assist in transferring advanced technologies for ELV recycling to AMS.
   • Economic feasibility studies are crucial, especially for archipelagic countries where logistics costs are significant.

8. Establish Common Standards for Recycled Materials:

   • Collaboration among AMS is needed to develop common standards for recycled materials.
   • Research on battery testing and recycling efficiency should be conducted to support a circular economy and improve material liquidity.

Key Information

• The survey was conducted in response to the rapid growth of the EV market in ASEAN.
• Informal recycling is a major issue, contributing to environmental degradation and health risks.
• ELV recycling is critical for sustainable resource management, especially with the rise of EVs.
• The report highlights the importance of international collaboration, especially between non-AMS and AMS, to address ELV recycling challenges.
• A battery passport system and standardized testing procedures are recommended to enhance traceability and safety in EV recycling.
• Capacity building and infrastructure development are essential for improving the ELV recycling ecosystem in the region.