2023-07-12-世界银行-发展中的两性平等_十年回顾_72页_10mb

Gender Equality in Development: Ten-Year Retrospective Summary

• Overview: Over the past decade, there has been progress toward gender equality, though significant gaps persist. The report reflects on global progress and the World Bank Group's (WBG) engagement on gender equality, highlighting lessons learned to inform future strategies.

1. Trends in Key Global and Regional Indicators

• Human Endowments:

  • Significant gains in education and health, with girls achieving higher human capital indices than boys in most countries by 2020.
  • Global improvements in education enrollment, particularly in tertiary education where women now lead in most regions.
  • Maternal mortality and fertility rates have declined but remain high in Sub-Saharan Africa.

• More and Better Jobs:

  • Gender gaps in labor force participation remain large, with women representing only about 53 percent of formal employment versus 80 percent for men.
  • Female labor participation has stagnated since 1990 in most regions, with women concentrated in low-productivity jobs.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected women's employment, widening gender gaps.

• Ownership and Control over Assets:

  • Financial inclusion has improved, but gaps in account ownership persist, especially in developing economies.
  • Women continue to face barriers to accessing credit and collateral for entrepreneurship.

• Voice and Agency:

  • Gender-based violence (GBV) remains widespread, with one in three women experiencing physical or sexual violence.
  • Progress in reducing child marriage has been slow, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Women hold only a small proportion of political seats, with regional disparities evident.

2. Gender Gaps in Human Development

• Human capital gains have not translated into equal economic opportunities for women.
• Key barriers include limited access to education, employment, healthcare, and financial services.
• Gender gaps are driven by deeply entrenched social norms, limiting women's participation in decision-making and economic activities.

3. WBG Engagement on Gender

• The WBG has strengthened its gender strategy, focusing on a learning-adapting-expanding approach to address gender gaps.
• Data and evidence generation has increased, with investments in research and analytics to support operations.
• The emphasis on country-driven approaches has improved outcomes, particularly in countries like Bangladesh.
• WBG interventions have addressed key gender issues in sectors such as health, employment, and entrepreneurship.

4. Lessons Learned

• Transformative change requires addressing structural factors, legal frameworks, and gender norms.
• Systematic collection of gender-disaggregated data and evidence-informed solutions are critical for progress.
• Partnerships with governments, civil society, and private sector actors are essential for scaling results.

5. Looking Ahead

• Accelerating progress requires evidence-based policies, stronger accountability
• Future focus will include advancing women's leadership, enhancing political participation, and addressing the economic and social impacts of multiple crises.
• Gender equality is not only a human right but also a lever for broader development goals.