2024-05-05-世界银行-南亚土地使用权-世界银行指导说明（英）_174页_8mb

Access to Land in South Asia: A Summary

Overview

Land is a foundational asset for sustainable development, economic growth, and climate action. In South Asia, however, land administration systems are largely fragmented, informal, and outdated, creating significant barriers to infrastructure development, renewable energy investments, and affordable housing. The World Bank’s Guidance Note on Access to Land emphasizes the need for systemic reforms to ensure equitable and efficient land access.

Land Administration & Management

1. Key Challenges:

   • Fragmented Land Records: Many countries in South Asia lack comprehensive digitized land registries and cadastres. Informality, outdated records, and poor maintenance (e.g., Kerala, India’s land records are over 40 years old) hinder transparency.
   • Weak Valuation Systems: Land valuation infrastructures are outdated, leading to inaccurate compensation for compulsory acquisition and reduced revenue collection (e.g., property taxes in Pakistan are low due to evasion and poor valuation).
   • Inconsistent Governance: Land administration is decentralized, with unclear mandates and inadequate capacity across multiple agencies.

2. Recommendations:

   • Prioritize the integration of land records, maps, and valuation systems into digital platforms.
   • Strengthen legal frameworks and enforce anti-corruption measures to improve governance.
   • Invest in capacity building for land administration staff and adopt international best practices.

Land Assembly

1. Key Challenges:

   • Complex Ownership Patterns: Disputed rights, overlapping claims, and informal tenures (e.g., Kathi Abadi settlements) complicate land acquisition for large-scale projects.
   • Slow Acquisition Processes: Litigation, lengthy negotiations, and delays in compensation (e.g., in Bangladesh’s Cyclone Recovery Project) stall projects and increase costs.

2. Recommendations:

   • Implement systematic parcel-by-parcel land registration to resolve disputes early.
   • Use value capture tools (e.g., taxes, fees, and development rights sales) to offset acquisition costs.
   • Explore land pooling and readjustment schemes to streamline assembly.

Compulsory Acquisition and Value Capture

1. Key Challenges:

   • Inadequate Compensation: Valuation disputes and delayed payments (e.g., in India’s Delhi Metro project) lead to litigation and social unrest.
   • Limited Land Value Capture: Tools like taxes and fees are underutilized, and developers often avoid contributing to public revenues.

2. Recommendations:

   • Adopt global valuation standards and establish independent appeals mechanisms for compensation.
   • Leverage tax increment financing (TIF) and development rights sales to fund infrastructure projects.
   • Ensure transparency in compensation by linking valuation to market realities.

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)

1. Key Challenges:

   • Access to Fragmented Land: Gaining access to small, scattered parcels near transit hubs is costly and time-consuming (e.g., Ahmedabad BRTS project).
   • Coordination Issues: Multiple agencies and fragmented governance exacerbate land acquisition delays.

2. Recommendations:

   • Develop integrated planning and approval systems (e.g., Gujarat’s DP-TP mechanism).
   • Use geospatial analysis to identify suitable sites and prioritize contiguous land acquisitions.
   • Establish transit development authorities to streamline implementation.

Renewable Energy (RE) Land Access

1. Key Challenges:

   • Land Scarcity: High competition for land (e.g., 1 GW solar farm requires 100-200 km² in South Asia) and high acquisition costs limit RE deployment.
   • Environmental and Social Conflicts: RE projects often encroach on agricultural or ecological areas, leading to displacement and resistance.

2. Recommendations:

   • Utilize innovative land uses, such as agrivoltaics or floating solar parks, to minimize conflicts.
   • Apply geospatial analysis early to identify multi-criteria suitable sites.
   • Advocate for policy reforms allowing community participation in RE land leasing.

Affordable Housing Land Access

1. Key Challenges:

   • Informal Markets and Land Scarcity: High costs for well-located land and weak enforcement of regulations (e.g., Dhaka’s Katchi Abadi settlements) hinder affordable housing.
   • Inequitable Access: Poor connectivity and lack of basic services in informal settlements exacerbate affordability issues.

2. Recommendations:

   • Promote inclusive zoning (e.g., Ahmedabad’s RAH zones) and differentiated land standards to target affordability.
   • Scale up town planning schemes and sites-and-services approaches to formalize and consolidate land.
   • Support demand-driven upgrading initiatives like Khuda Ki Basti, Pakistan, to empower communities.

Conclusion

The challenges of land access in South Asia threaten development imperatives, from climate action to poverty reduction. Urgent reforms—such as digitizing land records, strengthening governance, and leveraging innovative financing—are crucial. Failure to act risks squandering land’s potential as a platform for sustainable growth. South Asia must recommit to global leadership in land management to secure a resilient future.