全球贸易最新动态（2025_年_6_月）_可持续海洋经济_英_26页_5mb

Summary of the Document

Core Content

The document provides an in-depth analysis of the sustainable ocean economy, highlighting its importance in food security, economic diversification, and global trade. It outlines the growth trends, challenges, and policy recommendations related to ocean goods and services trade, emphasizing the impact of climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss, and trade policies on the sector.

Main Points

• Ocean Economy Growth: The ocean economy has grown faster than the global economy, reaching $2.2 trillion in 2023, with $1.3 trillion in services and $900 billion in goods.
• Key Sectors:
  • Services dominate ocean trade, making up 60% of the total, with marine and coastal tourism being a major contributor.
  • Goods include ships and port equipment, processed seafood, renewable energy machinery, pharmaceuticals, and electronics.
• Regional Contributions:
  • Asia and Europe account for over 80% of global ocean exports.
  • China is the largest net exporter of ocean goods, but faces high tariffs on services.
  • SIDS (Small Island Developing States) and LDCs (Least Developed Countries) often have trade deficits in both goods and services.
• Trade Disparities:
  • Developed and developing economies (excluding China) have surpluses in services but deficits in goods.
  • Tariffs on fisheries products, especially from the United States, have raised concerns about price increases, reduced demand, and potential shifts in trade flows.
• Top Exporters and Importers:
  • Top 10 fisheries exporters to the US include Canada, Chile, Norway, China, Japan, Iceland, Brazil, Mexico, and New Zealand.
  • Top 10 fisheries importers include the United States, China, EU, Japan, South Korea, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico, and Vietnam.
• Aquaculture Growth:
  • Aquaculture has grown significantly, surpassing wild capture in aquatic animal production.
  • It now accounts for 57% of aquatic food consumed by humans.
• Sustainable Practices:
  • UNCTAD recommends improved governance, climate-adaptive infrastructure, blue finance, and sustainable marine-based innovations.
  • Multilateral agreements such as the WTO Fisheries Subsidies Agreement, BBNJ (Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction), and PSMA (Port State Measures Agreement) are critical for sustainable ocean trade and marine resource management, but require greater political support and implementation capacity.
• Plastic Pollution:
  • Plastics make up 80% of ocean pollution, with 75–199 million tonnes already present in the ocean.
  • Non-plastic substitutes like seaweed are growing rapidly, with global exports reaching $1.2 billion in 2022.
  • China and Indonesia are the largest producers, while Indonesia and South Korea are the leading exporters.
• Seaweed Trade:
  • The seaweed industry has tripled in size and doubled in value over the past two decades.
  • Seaweed trade nearly doubled between 2012 and 2022.
  • A UN Seaweed Task Force is proposed to coordinate sustainable development and address regulatory gaps.
• Future Outlook:
  • Ocean trade is expected to remain stable into 2025, though trade tensions and shipping disruptions pose uncertainties.
  • Sustainable innovations and investment in aquaculture, marine biotechnology, and resilient infrastructure are key for long-term growth.
  • Climate-related disruptions, rising tariffs, and lack of governance threaten marine biodiversity and economic resilience.

Key Information

• The ocean economy is a fast-growing sector that supports 600 million livelihoods and 100 million jobs, mostly in developing countries.
• Salmon is the most imported species into the United States, with $5.5 billion in imports in 2023.
• Aquaculture has become a major driver of aquatic food production, accounting for over half of global aquatic animal production.
• Plastic pollution is a major threat to marine ecosystems, with non-plastic substitutes growing 30% faster than plastic trade.
• UNCTAD calls for scaling up blue finance, improving data collection, and enhancing international cooperation to achieve SDG 14 and support sustainable ocean trade.

Policy Recommendations

• Improve ocean economic governance and data collection.
• Promote climate-adaptive and resilient marine infrastructure.
• Scale up blue finance and sustainable marine-based innovations.
• Support developing economies in ocean trade development, especially LDCs.
• Implement multilateral agreements such as the WTO FSA, BBNJ, and PSMA with technical and legal assistance.
• Create a UN Seaweed Task Force to coordinate sustainable seaweed trade and address regulatory and scientific gaps.
• Address trade policy uncertainties and tariff impacts on fisheries and marine services.
• Promote sustainable ocean-based food systems and marine biotechnology to mitigate overfishing and reduce environmental impact.

Conclusion

The ocean economy is a critical and fast-growing sector that offers economic and environmental opportunities, but it faces significant risks from climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss, and trade policies. UNCTAD and international cooperation are essential for sustainable development, governance, and innovation in the ocean economy. The Blue Deal and BioTrade Principles and Criteria provide policy frameworks to support sustainable trade and resource management. Seaweed and non-plastic substitutes represent promising business opportunities for developing economies and environmental sustainability.